minimum custodial sentence of three months and a maximum of two years, or an alternative minimum penalty of 1,000 Egyptian pounds (LE) and a maximum of 5,000 LE.
new Child Law included the formation of Child Protection Committees (CPC
ncluding girls at risk of circumcision
Egypt hosted in 2008 a regional meeting entitled 'Cairo Declaration+5'.
'The Cairo Declaration for the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation'
international campaign aimed at rekindling world-wide attention on FGM/C.
Egyptian Ministry of Health (MoH) issued in 2007 a ministerial decree (271) closing a loophole in the previous 1996 decre
In 2007
FGM/C has no basis in the core Islamic Sharia or any of its partial provisions.
On Wednesday, a Republican-led House Committee approved the legislation designating the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist organisation. Sunday 28 Febuary 2016 Egypt was welcomed by the United States Congress Judiciary Committee to label the Muslim Brotherhood a "foreign terrorist organisation." This would also mean to non US citizens with any affiliation with the Brotherhood inability to enter the US as well.
Hezbollah and its Al-Manar media outlet continue activity on US social media websites and even use a Miami-based Internet Service Provider despite legislation meant to stop it, Steven Stalinsky, the executive director of MEMRI
This dissertation written by United Nations Commissioner for Refugees Laura Waas, provides some more academic insight into what exactly constitutes as stateless peoples in the Middle East and North African regions as well as the underlying conditions and legislation these stateless persons have developed. Waas points to the lack of nationality as the primary concern.
women should wear "appropriate" clothing when they go out.
There have been multiple mass sexual assaults on women during protests the past three years.
security forces dragged a female protester to the ground, pulled up her top to reveal her blue bra and stomped on her chest.
female protesters at the time were forced to undergo humiliating "virginity tests" when detained by the military.
Violence is a "very intimidating weapon" against women participating in public life
"If there is no democratic climate, how would you benefit from these beautiful laws?" said Abdel-Hameed. "It will be the same as under Mubarak: you have a beautiful law but it's not implemented."
The document explicitly enshrines equality between the sexes and women's rights to education, work and high political office.
"It's not just more progressive than the 2012 constitution, it's more progressive than the 1971 constitution . from the gender perspective,
Women have only been allowed to be judges since 2007
guarantees their right to hold high positions in the judiciary
2010 court decision barred women judges from the State Council, a powerful judicial body that regulates disputes between individuals and the state and reviews legislation.
January she wrote to the State Council demanding it take on women judges in light of the constitution.
The Council replied b
violated appropriateness and manners"
sought criminal action against the National Council for Women.
"the mentality of the decision-makers
is the main obstacle to the carrying out the promises of the constitution.
low representation of women in government.
lowest in the Arab world
two percent of the seats in the last parliament,
We're tired of the government and officials .
creation of a Commission on Discrimination with real judicial power
more women judges; a
he presence of women in parliament and local council
and the nullification of the draconian protest law,
gender issues should be mainstreamed across all government bodies.
activate a unit specialized in fighting violence against women and "the health sector should take into account reproductive rights.
h clinics should provide contraception and treatment for STDs
women's issues are never a priority for anyone
parts of the constitution may make enforcing the women's rights provisions harder.
Women are Egypt have been treated different than men since anyone can remember. The women are taking action and protesting that the constitution be revised to change rights. Seats in parliament is one of the goals they hope to achieve. Equality between sexes is their main goal.
Now that God has supported us in legalizing our
constitution, we ask for his aid in achieving the remaining two
stages of the road map: the presidential and parliamentary
elections," Salib
constitution was an article
stipulating that Sharia law will be the main source of
legislation,
insisted the reference to Sharia law remain, albeit in a
watered-down version.
Egyptian Christians and liberals on the constitutional committee
attempted to remove all mentions of Sharia law from the
constitutio
seen as an improvemen
eliminates various articles that gave
legal and political authority to Egypt’s highest Islamic
Institution, the Al-Azhar University.
allows a presidential election to be
held before parliamentary vote in a change to the transition plan
announced by the army in July.
55 percent, was still
higher than in the 2012 referendum on the constitution, which was
drafted while Mohamed Morsi was in powe
uslim Brotherhood boycotted the poll, saying it was
illegitimate, as did several revolutionary groups and there were
reports of low youth turnout in general.
Ninety-eight percent of Egyptians voted yes for a new constitution. Sharia law was debated by the Egyptian Christians. The new constitution is seen as an improvement to the Muslim Brotherhood constitution.
The House moved to Tobruk after armed groups supportive of the General National Congress began to overrun the capital.
Libya's new parliament, dominated by self-styled secular and nationalist candidates, was formed after the heavy defeat of Islamist candidates in June elections.
In the House of Representatives camp, many figures have come together in opposition to the contentious political isolation law, which banned anyone involved with the former regime from political participation.
Errishi told Al Jazeera that oil revenues pass through the country's central bank. With members of Libya Dawn guarding the gates to the central bank, Errishi added that "the central bank is controlled by whomever is controlling Tripoli".
The UAE, which is home to Mahmoud Jibril, a leading politician opposed to Libya's Islamist groups, has been accused by the US of bombing sites held by Misrata forces with the help of Egypt.
t has also been alleged that Qatar, which plays host to Ali Salabi, a leading spiritual figure with close ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, has provided weapons and support to Brotherhood-affiliated groups battling former general Haftar.
With the displacement of 100,000 people due to fighting in Tripoli and Benghazi, however, the Libya crisis may not yet have taken its worst turn. "If we see more brigades going to one side over the other," said researcher Hamedi, "this will lead to civil war. The role of the regional environment is to help the domestic equation reach a deal."
Due to Libya's lack of institutional structure and weak centralized government, rival militia violence and clashes have created constant chaos leading the country towards another civil war. After the fall of Qaddafi, who obliterated institutions necessary for a functional government, Libya has been unable to manage the state. The National Transitional Council, which replaced the Qaddafi Regime, turned into the General National Congress and was given 18 months to form a democratic constitution. When the deadline passed the constitution was incomplete, which forced Congress to organize elections to a new House of Representatives.
The former GNC members declared a new self proclaimed GNC, electing Omar al-Hasi as their prime minister. The new GNC is not recognized by Libya's parliament nor is it by the international community. Al Jazeera says the country literally has two parliaments and two governments, creating inconceivable instability throughout the state. The newly elected House has moved to Tobruk after armed islamic GNC militia groups overran the capital, seizing control over the major institutions in Tripoli.
Due to this lack of a functional government, the rest of the state has turned to chaos. After the civil war, anti and pro Qaddafi forces branched into militias striving for power. Without a working state and government, militias had to rely on themselves to provide security, and really have no incentive to give up arms and no true government to be a part of. General Khalifa Hifter, a former Qaddafi general who later joined the Libyan rebel army in 2011, formed an anti-militia militia, targeting islamist militias like Ansar al-Sharia. Hifter is not affiliated with either of the governments, but rather strives for a military government, and supreme control of the armed forces.
Framing Brunei's new Sharia system in terms of "anti-gay" and "anti-women" legislation, as it has been in US coverage and protests, obscures the actual motivations behind the Sultanate's decision and nourishes the tired trope of "those crazy Muslims", an angle which the US media has an all-too comfortable relationship with.
“orderly relocation” of thousands of Syrian refugees from southern Europe to richer countries in the north, and is pressing the EU to agree to a year-long pilot programme
the UN refugee agency, the UNHCR, has approached senior EU figures to get backing for its pilot programme
new approaches, which could be achieved within the existing Dublin framework, were urgently needed:
is a radical departure from current EU policy, which forces asylum seekers to apply for asylum in their first country of entry, under legislation known as the Dublin law.
We need to convince them that it is better to go legally, that there is an alternative to months of suffering
More than 3 million people are estimated to have fled the country in the past four years, and although the vast majority have remained in neighbouring countries – Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan – thousands have tried to make the perilous journey to Europe.
Most of those who survive the Mediterranean crossing – and more than 3,000 died last year – end up in Italy and Greece
42,000 Syrians ended up in Italy in 2014 alone
apply for asylum in their country of arrival. But only a tiny minority do. In practice, many migrants simply slip through the net and move, vulnerably, around Europe.
Syrians who chose to move irregularly across Europe could be reduced if people were allowed to legally travel onwards to join family or move to countries where they have language skills or work opportunities
Syrian conflict has exacerbated a refugee crisis in north Africa and the Middle East
The proposed relocation, which would start as a one-year pilot programme, would focus only on Syrians who have been recognised as refugees in Italy and Greece and would depend on an initial voluntary commitment from member states
previous attempts to reform the Dublin law have been met with fierce resistance during internal EU discussions
UK and other northern European countries have fought in both domestic and European courts to defend the right to return asylum seekers to their first country of entry
arguing that protection and accommodation conditions in Italy and Greece are inadequate
stressed the importance of states upholding the Dublin regulation
the commission is discussing with the member states on how to ensure a more balanced distribution of resettled refugees among all member states. We wil
Cochetel acknowledged that only a significant interest in building a new system would create a change in behaviour among desperate migrants
Last month Turkey become the largest country of asylum in the world
massive irregular secondary movements feeding trafficking, leading to human suffering and exploitation
The European Union is having some issues with Syrian refugees not staying in the country to where they first applied for asylum. This, and the ever growing number of Syrian refugees in Europe, has lead to a call to reform the Dublin Law.