While doing research on women's rights in Egypt I came across the term "female genital mutilation" which is something we have all heard of, but I had not thought about this concept lately, nor in t...
harmful physical, psychological and human rights consequences has led to the use of the term “female genital mutilation
women who have undergone FGC do not consider themselves to be mutilated and have become offended by the term “FGM”
no definitive evidence documenting when or why this ritual began
practised in ancient Egypt as a sign of distinction, while others hypothesize its origin in ancient Greece, Rome, Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Tsarist Russian Federation.
97% of married women surveyed experienced FGC.3
94.6% of married women had been exposed to FGC and 69.1% of those women agreed to carry out FGC on their daughters
41% of female students in primary, preparatory and secondary schools had been exposed to FGC.
females interviewed was 38 816. The prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls was 50.3%. The prevalence of FGC was 46.2% in government urban schools, 9.2% in private urban schools and 61.7% in rural schools.
FGC has remained a common practice in the countries where it has traditionally been performed.4
Egypt are type I (commonly referred to as clitoridectomy) and type II (commonly referred to as excision).5 In Africa, the most common type of FGC is type II (excision of the clitoris and the labia minor) which accounts for up to 80% of all cases.6 I
In 1995, a ministerial decree forbade the practice and made it punishable by fine and imprisonment
The difference in the prevalence rates of FGC is mainly due to educational status in both rural and urban areas
There is an obvious negative correlation between the female’s parents’ education and the practice of FGC
Parents with low or no education are the most likely to have circumcised their daughters with prevalence rates ranging between 59.5% and 65.1%
higher degrees of education are the least likely to have their daughters circumcised and the prevalence rate ranged between 19.5% and 22.2%.
age at which FGC is performed on girls varies
4 and 12 years old
the procedure may be carried out shortly after birth to some time before the age of marriage.6
some girls mentioned that they were circumcised soon after birth, during the neonatal period.
. In Egypt, in the past, the majority of FGC procedures were performed by traditional midwives, called dayas. However, according to the Demographic and Health Survey (1995),16 the number of
An immediate effect of the procedure is pain because FGC is often carried out without anaesthesia.
Short-term complications, such as severe bleeding which can lead to shock or death
include infection because of unsanitary operating conditions, and significant psychological and psychosexual consequences of FGC
complications (early and late) such as severe pain, bleeding, incontinence, infections, mental health problems, sexual problems, primary infertility and difficult labour with high episiotomy rate. In addition, the repetitive use of the same instruments on several girls without sterilization can cause the spread of HIV and Hepatitis B and C.
Fathers played minor roles as decision-makers for the procedure (9.4%
mothers are the main decision-makers for the procedure of FGC (65.2%)
circumcision is an important religious tradition (33.4%)
religious tradition is still the most important reason for performing FGC in Egypt,
In these surveys, 72% of ever-married women reported that circumcision is an important part of religious tradition and about two-thirds of the women had the impression that the husband prefers his wife to be circumcised
one-third of ever-married women cited cleanliness as a reason while a small number saw it as a way to prevent promiscuity before marriage.
milies refuse to accept women who have not undergone FGC as marriage partners
Around 12% of girls believed that there is no religious support for circumcision.
. It is an issue that demands a collaborative approach involving health professionals, religious leaders, educationalists and nongovernmental organizations.
partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia
Female genital cutting (FGC
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Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls
100 and 130
cultural or other non-therapeutic reason
28 African countries and the Middle East have been subjected to FGC.2
This is such a controversial topic. I saw a reference to it recently (was it possibly something that was brought up in the Bill Maher/Ben Affleck dust-up?) that pointed out that the practice is almost unheard of outside of central and northeastern Africa, with a few small pockets in Iraq and the Gulf.
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Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The procedure has no health benefits for girls and women. Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths.
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