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Arabica Robusta

Pambazuka - The commodification of water and land in Mali - 0 views

  • At human level, the interconnected crises (food, energy, financial, migratory, democratic etc) and the successive failure of the Conferences on Climate Change in Copenhagen in December 2009 and Cancun in 2010, are the expression of the increased commodification of both material and intellectual aspects of life (land, air/CO2, forests, minerals, genes, education, health, water...).
  • This ecological representation of water as a common good explains why the creation of the ‘water business’ and the commercial logic of ‘public-private partnerships’ is so unacceptable.
  • educated according to the management gospel of the water multinationals, according to which one is supposed to ‘make water pay for itself’. This implies that water is sold, commoditised, considered in the same way as oil.
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  • The phenomenon of the commodification of life is also affecting land.
  • In Mali, a public-private partnership system and a framework of long-term leases have been used to lease several tens of thousands of hectares of land at very low cost to foreign governments or private investors (both foreign and nationals).
  • This new plague of land grabbing, over and above being characterised by huge areas, is just the tip of the iceberg of commercial farming, one that uses vast quantities of water. Agronomically speaking, it has been proven that the quantity of water required to grow 1 kg of rice could grow 3 kg of sorghum. When this land is being used to grow agro-fuel, it will work even more against food security. For those communities that are affected, land grabbing also involves water grabbing. This is a factor in many conflicts.
Arabica Robusta

Britain is not just 'undergoing privatisation', this is a modern enclosure movement | o... - 0 views

  • Three reasons to be realistic: 1. Privatising services has often been shown to work in certain circumstances and to improve services (so uncompromising  condemnation doesn’t work);  2. Labour in power opened up public services to privatisation in the NHS, schools and elsewhere (allowing ministers to play yah boo politics); and 3. using “privatisation” as the main instrument of the campaign against government policies does not begin to encompass the sheer scale of the assault and the devastating effect it is having within the public services. It is too narrow a bridgehead. 
  • engaged in the destruction of the historic postwar compromise between the public and private sectors with the wholesale transfer of public functions to private enterprise.  Their project amounts to no less than a modern enclosure movement, in which it is not common land but what is still left in the public sphere as a whole that is being wrested from the people.
  • At the same time, the emphasis on “choice”, always a Trojan horse under Labour, will privilege the middle and professional classes at the expense of working class families.  Gove’s policies proclaim a universal intent; but even he admits that it is actually the middle classes who will benefit. And do not expect them to share their privilege.  Forget any notion that the “sharp elbows” of the middle classes will be employed to make room for less privileged families; they bond, network and move within their class, there is scarcely any cross-class “bridging”. Instead, look to proposals in the budget that will reflect, and be influenced by, the interests of middle and professional classes alongside those of the private sector.
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  • The cuts are demoralising in themselves, forcing fewer workers to take on more work and demonstrating the government’s conviction that the public service is a burden on the economy. But they are accompanied by “a lot of phoney stuff” (Jenny Manson) associated with the New Public Management drive initiated under Labour  -  “strategic planning”, “leadership skills”, “lean management”,  and so on – which not only reflects the government distrust in the commitment and abilities of public servants, but also a general conviction that practice in the public sector is inferior to that in the entrepreneurial private sector. The current regime, her contributors argue, undermines the sense of purpose that informed the public service ethic at its best – the idea of public service being for the public. Manson describes a perceived “aparatchik” approach among new entrants and a new “talking the talk” phenomenon.
  • What the collection goes some way to show is that public service is in the grasp of an unrelenting and unproven ideology that is stripping it bare of its essential values. 
Arabica Robusta

The Dissolution of the Mandarins: the sell-off of the British state | openDemocracy - 0 views

  • Sir Paul Stephenson, who had resigned over the phone-hacking scandal the previous July, had now, like so many former ministers and senior civil servants, stepped through the revolving door into the agreeable world of the non-executive director. Of course Sir Paul’s background is not that of a typical mandarin. Being a senior policeman is not the same as being a senior civil servant. The son of a butcher, grammar-school educated and promoted through the ranks, Sir Paul reached the top of one of the very few public service careers that is genuinely open to talent regardless of class origins. Sir Humphrey Appleby (Winchester, Balliol, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA Oxon) he is not. But in some ways he is more in tune with the zeitgeist. It is the mandarinate that is out of touch – and, in fact, disappearing.
  • But the real interest of his story is not what Sir Paul knew, or should have known, about the misdeeds of the Murdoch newspapers. It lies in the assumptions he, and others, have made about the larger context in which he found himself operating.
  • besides making Sir Paul one of the few people of note who believe that there really are free lunches (and making Champneys’ manager someone remarkably free with his employers’ money), this leaves out of consideration the particular links that existed between Champneys, News International and the Met. Rebekah Brooks, the executive director of News International in the UK, was said to be a specially valued regular visitor, and Neil Wallis’ PR firm, which he set up after leaving the News of the World in 2009, handled Champneys’ public relations, as well as being employed to advise the Met. According to the Met, when he stayed at Champneys Sir Paul didn’t know about Wallis’ Met appointment. His ‘personal family friendship’ with Champneys’ manager had apparently not been close enough for it to have been mentioned.
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  • It was normal for the Commissioner of the Met and his senior colleagues to be wined and dined routinely by Murdoch’s senior staff. It had been the norm for years. It was even normal to accept a corporate gift worth a cleaner’s annual income because the company’s manager happened to be a friend. Blair took his family on holiday at the expense of his friend Silvio Berlusconi, Osborne and Mandelson holidayed on Corfu (where they were joined by Rupert Murdoch) at the expense of their billionaire friend Nat Rothchild.  And it was certainly normal to accept private company directorships after leaving one’s public service job, even with companies that had no obvious use for your particular skills.
  • higher-ranking civil servants and government ministers must apply to the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACOBA), which publishes annual reports. These show that in the five years 2006 to 2011 no fewer than 90 ex-ministers took private sector jobs, leading David Beetham to conclude, in a report for Democratic Audit, that ‘a smooth transition to the private sector could now be said to be the normal expectation for a government minister’.[2]
  • ACOBA purports to be as much concerned that civil servants should not be influenced by the possible offer of a job to make decisions against the public interest, as with the risk that when they take a private sector job they will use their inside knowledge to give their new employers a competitive advantage. But in practice the committee is only really interested in the second of these risks.
  • Most people would find Sir Paul’s pension of close to £170,000 a year more than comfortable; an additional £35,000 (say £24,000 after tax) would hardly make a big difference, and is certainly not enough to buy anyone’s silence, supposing someone wanted to. But perhaps the former Commissioner of the Met – whom Neil Wallis considered ‘a plain, non-political copper’ – saw becoming a company director as simply the normal way of reconnecting to the power elite.
  • Failure to acknowledge this makes everyone who wrings their hands about the revolving door irrelevant. The anti-corruption NGO Transparency International, for example, became hopelessly bogged down in proposing ways to make ACOBA more effective without confronting the reality of the situation, or acknowledging its own immersion in market ideology.
  • It failed to notice that what was at issue was no longer preventing dishonesty in the handing out of government contracts, but facilitating a corporate takeover of the state that is endorsed by all the mainstream parties.  
  • Another dimension of the shift that has made ACOBA as anachronistic as the Lord Privy Seal is the drastic gap in incomes and lifestyles that has opened up between people on even the highest public service salaries, and the business elite and celebrities.
  • The key to ACOBA’s plight is the opening sentence in its official remit: ‘It is in the public interest that people with experience of public administration should be able to move into business and other bodies…’ So the huge inflow of private sector personnel into the senior civil service through the revolving door is outside the committee’s purview, while shifting civil servants into the private sector is explicitly defined as being in the public interest. As the famous Wall Street figure Jack Grubman is said to have remarked, ‘what used to be conflict of interest is now defined as a synergy’.
  • There is no longer a mandarinate. Max Weber’s concept of a career bureaucracy, dedicated to the public interest, working all their lives for modest salaries in return for job security and respect, has been made thoroughly obsolete. The state is increasingly conceived as a mere commissioning agency, handing out contracts to private companies, its senior ranks filled on a revolving basis and its institutional memory fast draining away – to the point where the loss of capacity degrades the commissioning function itself.
Arabica Robusta

Like Water for Gold in El Salvador | The Nation - 0 views

  • Three people recounted how a Pacific Rim official boasted that cyanide was so safe that the official was willing to drink a glass of a favorite local beverage laced with the chemical. The official, we were told, backed down when community members insisted on authentication of the cyanide. “The company thought we’re just ignorant farmers with big hats who don’t know what we’re doing,” Miguel said. “But they’re the ones who are lying.”
    • Arabica Robusta
       
      Did the company think that the farmers were ignorant, or was it in the company's interest to portray them as ignorant?
  • As the anti-mining coalition strengthened with support from leaders in the Catholic Church, small businesses and the general public (a 2007 national poll showed that 62.4 percent opposed mining), tensions within Cabañas grew.
  • Along one wall is the Salvadoran version of the US Vietnam Veterans Memorial, in this case etched with the names of about 30,000 of the roughly 75,000 killed in the civil war. Thousands of them, including the dozens killed in the Lempa River massacre of 1981, were victims of massacres perpetrated by the US-backed—often US-trained—government forces and the death squads associated with them.
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  • Anti-mining sentiment was already so strong in 2009 that both the reigning ARENA president and the successful FMLN candidate, Mauricio Funes, came out against mining during the campaign.
  • We pushed further, trying to understand how a technical analysis could decide a matter with such high stakes. On the one hand, we posed to Duarte, gold’s price has skyrocketed from less than $300 an ounce a decade ago to more than $1,500 an ounce today, increasing the temptation in a nation of deep poverty to consider mining. We quoted former Salvadoran finance minister and Pacific Rim economic adviser Manuel Hinds, who said, “Renouncing gold mining would be unjustifiable and globally unprecedented.” On the other hand, we quoted the head of the human rights group and Roundtable member FESPAD, Maria Silvia Guillen: “El Salvador is a small beach with a big river that runs through it. If the river dies, the entire country dies.”
  • While he hoped this process would produce a consensus, Duarte admitted it was more likely the government and the firm would have to lay out “the interests of the majority,” after which the two ministries would then make their policy recommendation.
  • Oscar Luna, a former law professor and fierce defender of human rights—for which he too has received death threats. We asked Luna if he agreed with allegations that the killings in Cabañas were “assassinations organized and protected by economic and social powers.” Luna replied with his own phrasing: “There is still a climate of impunity in this country that we are trying to end.” He is pressing El Salvador’s attorney general to conduct investigations into the “intellectual” authors of the killings.
  • Our interactions in Cabañas and San Salvador left us appreciative of the new democratic space that strong citizen movements and a progressive presidential victory have opened up, yet aware of the fragility and complexities that abound. The government faces an epic decision about mining, amid deep divisions and with institutions of democracy that are still quite young. As Vidalina reminded us when we parted, the “complications” are even greater than what we found in Cabañas or in San Salvador, because even if the ban’s proponents eventually win, “these decisions could still get trumped in Washington.”
  • The brief methodically lays out how Canada-headquartered Pacific Rim first incorporated in the Cayman Islands to escape taxes, then brazenly lobbied Salvadoran officials to shape policies to benefit the firm, and only after that failed, in 2007 reincorporated one of its subsidiaries in the United States to use CAFTA to sue El Salvador.
  • Dozens of human rights, environmental and fair-trade groups across North America, from U.S.-El Salvador Sister Cities and the Committee in Solidarity With the People of El Salvador (CISPES) to Oxfam, Public Citizen, Mining Watch and the Institute for Policy Studies, are pressuring Pacific Rim to withdraw the case.
Arabica Robusta

Food crisis and the global land grab | Hedge funds create volatility in global food sup... - 0 views

  • Mittal added that for people living in developed countries, the conversion of African small farms and forests into a natural-asset-based, high-return investment strategy can drive up food prices and increase the risks of climate change.
Arabica Robusta

Pambazuka - Water privatisation: Senegal at the crossroads - 0 views

  • The water service in the Senegalese cities has been partially privatised since 1996 under the form of a lease contract between the state and the Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE). 51 per cent of the capital of the latter is held by SAUR, renamed FINAGETION in 2005. It is a subsidiary of the Bouygues group, the fourth-largest group in the global water sector.
  • In an international context marked by the spectacular and repeated failures of water transnational corporations that have sought since the 1990s to take root in the cities of the global South, Senegal has therefore an emblematic character for the proponents of PPPs.
  • The government has in fact suddenly announced that the contract would not be renewed and that a tender would be launched in April 2011 for the selection a new operator, and that the tender would be for ‘total concession, that is to say, a corporation that no longer just distributes water and charges for its consumption, but will make investments’ (the very words of a government official).
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  • Residents who do not have a personal connection to the network but depend on collective access cannot, as we have seen, benefit from the ‘social’ tariff because the overall consumption at their connection puts them in the higher bracket.
  • Today, by contrast with the situation that prevailed in 1996, 90 per cent of people in Dakar and 85 per cent of those in other cities officially have access to drinking water (79 per cent and 63 per cent respectively have an individual connection to the network; the others rely on a collective connection close to their residence). More than 1.64 million additional people are said to have gained access to the water network, particularly through 150,000 so-called ‘social’ connections, offered at a very low rate for the poor. Cuts in the water supply, frequent before, have become increasingly rare. The quality of the water supply has also improved.
  • In contrast, however, to what is suggested (including towards the Senegalese themselves) by the promoters of public–private partnerships, most of the progress in extending infrastructure and network connections has not been accomplished by the private company responsible for commercial exploitation, the SDE, but by the public company responsible for infrastructure, SONES.
  • The fact that there has been no additional price increase since 2003 can be partially explained by state policy (as the price of water is set by the state), and the will to provide a positive response to pressure from consumer organisations and trade unions.
  • It is a usual strategy of proponents of public–private partnerships in the water sector to start with ‘soft’ forms of privatisation such as lease contracts in order to ensure a better acceptance by the often reluctant local population, at a later stage, of more extensive forms of privatisation such as concessions. It is therefore all the more necessary to have a closer look, beyond the promotional announcements disseminated by international financial institutions, at the reality of the progress achieved since 1996.
  • Ultimately, the lease contract has reinforced previously existing dichotomies in the provision of water services, creating a two-tier system distinguishing between creditworthy consumers and others, at the expense of a perspective of universal right to water for all citizens of Senegal. This two-tier system is likely, once again, to be compounded by a total concession of the service.
  • nly two ways they can secure reasonable profits – which is the only raison d’être for a private company. These are either by drastically increasing the price of water, with the risk of being confronted with the resistance of the population and soaring unpaid bills, or by failing to implement but a small portion of the necessary investments – a trend already common among private contractors because their contracts do not run for more than 25 years, while the lifetime of networks and equipment is closer to 50 years. In both cases, the population, and primarily the poor, will bear the costs.
  • But above all, without denying the past and present problems of the water public service in Senegal, only a solution based on public management seems likely to extend the progress already achieved and to address the structural problems identified above.
  • two conditions. The first is a genuine democratic reform of the water service, with real transparency, accountability and genuine participation of citizens and civil society. Various public services from the global South, in Brazil and India in particular, have carried out such reforms to great success.
  • is the ability to access financial, technical and organisational support. If international financial institutions and major donors continue to focus on public–private partnerships as the only solution to all the problems of the water sector and as a condition to access their loans, there is an emerging trend in favour of public solutions.
  • Moussa Diop
Arabica Robusta

Liberal Zionism and the ethnonational imperative | The Electronic Intifada - 0 views

  • Ali Abunimah, another Palestinian luminary, so robustly criticizes anti-Semitism that right-wing anti-Semites accuse him of being a covert Zionist, unaware perhaps that they’re reproducing a feature of Zionism.
  • In the months after being fired from a tenured professorship at the University of Illinois in August 2014, for condemning Israeli war crimes, I was periodically aggravated that some commentators were unwilling or unable to recognize that my supposedly anti-Semitic tweets actually defend Jews against essentialism. In those tweets, I warn against conflating an entire community with the behavior of a nation-state busy showering civilians with bombs and chemical weapons, a warning I offer in much of my work.
  • It was remarkably frustrating. These folks could obviously read, even if not competently. They all have impeccable credentials, but I tried not to hold that against them. I couldn’t understand their phonic malfunction until I forced myself to think like an apologist for ethnocracy. The political identity of liberal Zionists is filled with acute incongruity. They cannot consume or disseminate ideas without the magical benefit of denial. Disassociating Judaism from Israel renders Zionism superfluous. That kind of disassociation requires one to rethink the commonplaces of Israel’s self-image. It is more convenient to outsource failures of imagination to the Palestinian.
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  • The liberal Zionist must constantly choose between a self-professed commitment to democracy and protecting Israel’s reputation.
  • Every Palestinian activist or intellectual who delinks Zionism and Jewishness – which is to say, nearly all of us – suffers the conflicted rhetoric of colonizers pretending to be enlightened. The problem isn’t that liberal Zionists ignore what Palestinian activists and intellectuals actually say. They listen closely, in fact. They’re merely terrified to hear the native express a desire for equality. If actualized, that desire would force the destruction of an ideology they refuse to abandon. I term this phenomenon the ethnonational imperative, which explains spurious accusations of anti-Semitism not as an inability to comprehend the delinking of Zionism and Jewishness, but as an inclination to link them permanently and to punish those who do not.
  • I will no longer respond to accusations of anti-Semitism by appealing to my accusers’ sense of fairness or discretion. They don’t raise those accusations to foster reconciliation or dialogue, to use the favored parlance of the liberal Zionist. They do it to cause harm.
Arabica Robusta

Zionist groups planned to lobby Univ. of Illinois trustees over Salaita appointment | T... - 0 views

  • Nelson, a professor of English at UIUC, also spoke frankly about his affiliation with the Israel on Campus Coalition, a Zionist advocacy group funded by an extreme anti-Palestinian and anti-Muslim ideologue. Nelson also revealed his own ties to the editor of a far-right website that has been monitoring Salaita.
  • In both of my conversations with him, Nelson insisted that he has never spoken to anyone in the UIUC administration about Salaita’s case. But he did acknowledge that he has given advice to off-campus Zionist groups since the Salaita story broke. “I’ve had at least fifty emails from people about the [Salaita] tweets and some of them are from people who I’m sure have a role in one organization or another,” Nelson said. “I had a call from someone who does represent an outside organization asking for my opinion about whether that organization or other organizations should approach the Board of Trustees to make some statement against Salaita’s appointment and I advised that they should not,” he added. “I said that the academic process should run its course and that while it was fine for people outside the university to comment negatively about any faculty’s work, they shouldn’t attempt to influence university decisions.”
  • Nelson’s advice is disingenuous to say the least. The Zionist group or groups he is counseling on strategy hardly need to intervene directly when Nelson is effectively doing their dirty work for them.
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  • Nelson has served as self-appointed public prosecutor, offering a tweet-by-tweet exegesis of Salaita’s words in an article for Inside Higher Ed. This includes the canard that some of them are “anti-Semitic” – a charge based on misrepresentation that no one who has engaged in good faith with Salaita’s history of ethical scholarship and advocacy can take seriously.
  • While he didn’t mention it in our conversation, Nelson is scheduled to speak on an ICC-sponsored panel at this December’s meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). The panel is titled “Boycotting Israeli institutions of higher education abridges academic freedom.”
  • Asked what due diligence he had done on ICC before allowing it to use his name, Nelson stated, “several of my friends are part of that group, so I did talk to my friends, to people that I trust about the role of the organization and whether my playing these kinds of roles on campus would be useful.” He said that at the time he was asked to join ICC, the group’s website was down and so – unlike Steven Salaita’s Twitter page, The New York Times and The Electronic Intifada – he had never looked at it. Now that he knows, it will be interesting to see if Nelson cancels his affiliation with the Israel on Campus Coalition, or keeps up his public association with it as a more honest reflection of the strident Zionist and anti-Palestinian views that evidently motivate his current campaign against Steven Salaita.
Arabica Robusta

Cary Nelson faces backlash over his views on a controversial scholar - 0 views

  • In blog posts, open letters and news story comment threads, Nelson’s critics -- some of whom were longtime friends -- accused him of abandoning his principles and twisting the definition of academic freedom to serve his own political beliefs. A vocal opponent of the Israel boycott, Nelson suffers from a “blind spot” about Israel, some have said.
  • I believe faculty members generally have a social responsibility to try to speak rationally, not just hurl insults, but the Israeli/Palestinian conflict regularly meets with abusive and counterproductive faculty remarks from both sides.”
  • Nelson believes it’s impossible to separate institutional boycotts from individual boycotts, and that no scholarly association has fully considered the long-term impacts of such actions, either geopolitically or in terms of academic freedom. He therefore opposes the boycott movement (the American Association of University Professors, of which Nelson is a past president, also opposes academic boycotts as incompatible with academic freedom).
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  • "Usually [Nelson] and I, when we have these debates, I'm usually much to the right of him and he's much to the left of me, and in this instance we seem to have traded places a bit," Fish said.
Arabica Robusta

When 'liberals' fail to defend academic freedom | openDemocracy - 0 views

  • This confirmed suspicions that the decision— taken without any academic consultation — had indeed been based on impassioned tweets that Salaita, a Palestinian-American, had posted during the first half of July as terrible destruction was wrought by the Israeli invasion of Gaza.
  • Such routine misuse of a serious charge runs the grave danger of diminishing the gravity and reality of the phenomenon of anti-Semitism itself, doings its actual victims a real disservice.
  • one of the most striking aspects of the affair has been the willingness of self-defined liberals to either mitigate or endorse the firing of Salaita. As such, the case has also thrown light on the limits of liberalism and its acquiescence to the encroaching depredations of the corporate managerial culture that now afflicts universities across the world. Apart from anything else, this is a case of high-handed administrative behaviour, increasing corporate influence (the Board of Trustees is composed of powerful business people who know little about scholarship or teaching) and the steady erosion of the vital principle of scholarly autonomy.
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  • Before Wise—and then the Trustees—put out statements defending their patently political and partisan decision, the chief attack dog for the anti-Salaita camp was prominent left-liberal academic, emeritus Professor Cary Nelson, a former President of the American Association of University Professors (whose officer-bearers have been swift to decry the decision and to distance itself from him) and still a member, ironically, of its important Academic Freedom and Tenure Committee. Praising Chancellor Wise for ‘doing what had to be done,’ Nelson, denounced Salaita’s tweets with McCarthyite relish as ‘venomous’, ‘loathsome,’ ‘foul-mouthed… hate speech’ and ‘obsessively driven’ on the matter of Israel- Palestine (hardly surprising in context given that the area constitutes one of Salaita’s scholarly specialisms).
  • Nelson was among the first to articulate the peculiar notion, now given as an official rationale for Salaita’s dismissal, that students had a right to be protected from discomfort (slyly conflated with ‘abuse’) in the classroom and that strong views held outside the classroom posed a danger inside it. 
  • Academic freedom, Nelson opined, ‘does not require you to hire someone whose views you consider despicable’ (though it remains unclear who the ‘you’ is, given that Salaita had earned scholarly approval after a rigorous search process).
  • Salaita was ‘the wrong case’ for such defence, having ‘crossed’ some patently imaginary ‘line’ to do with ‘civility’ and ‘collegiality.’
  • Wise’s statement itself is an exemplary exercise in managed diversity with its exhaustive encomiums, on the one hand, to ‘principles’ of academic freedom, diversity, contentious discourse, robust debate, critical arguments, difficult discussions, differing perspectives, confronted viewpoints, and challenged assumptions, and on the other, a litany of vague and confused disciplinary notions whose content and provenance will also be decided from on high. They include ‘respect for students'’ rights as individuals,’ a ‘civil and productive manner,’ no ‘demeaning and abusing viewpoints’, ‘valuing students as human beings’ and dialogue which is ‘civil and thoughtful’ and ‘mutually respectful’ - all of which seems unexceptional enough but can hardly be specified objectively, particularly in relation to difficult emotive issues.
  • Should British academics worry about this act of racialised institutional violence against a vulnerable colleague? We would be suicidal not to. Without tenure, we have less protection as it is, even as the worst aspects of business-speak and corporate rule are swiftly taking over British universities as well. ‘Collegiality’ and ‘civility’ are routinely used by administrators here to police politically ‘difficult’ colleagues. Used disproportionately as a disciplinary mechanism against mouthy women and ethnic minorities the ‘civil’ in ‘civility’ is also the ‘civil in ‘civilise.’ As managers shift disciplinary goalposts at whim, we must not remain rooted in the comforting delusion that we are not ultimately all, even the least outspoken among us, Steven Salaita.
Arabica Robusta

Gates Foundation refutes report it fails African farmers - 0 views

  • The foundation is "orientated towards bringing foreign technology into Africa and opening up markets to foreign corporations, rather than building on the possibilities, capacities and knowledge the farmers already have", he added. The Gates Foundation maintains that farming in Africa is "back-breaking labour" and "science and innovation can make life easier and better for farmers by making farms more productive and sustainable".
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