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Mutation testing (or Mutation analysis) is a method of software testing, which involves modifying program's source code in small ways.[1] These, so-called mutations, are based on well-defined mutation operators that either mimic typical programming errors (such as using the wrong operator or variable name) or force the creation of valuable tests (such as driving each expression to zero). The purpose is to help the tester develop effective tests or locate weaknesses in the test data used for the program or in sections of the code that are seldom or never accessed during execution.

For example, consider the following C++ code fragment: if (a && b) c = 1; else c = 0; The condition mutation operator would replace '&&' with '||' and produce the following mutant: if (a || b) c = 1; else c = 0;

Many mutation operators can produce equivalent mutants. For example, consider the following code fragment: int index=0; while (...) { . . .; index++; if (index==10) break; } Boolean relation mutation operator will replace "==" with ">=" and produce the following mutant: int index=0; while (...) { . . .; index++; if (index>=10) break; }

What is Domain Name Resolution Introduction When using the Internet most people connect to web sites, ftp servers or other Internet servers by connecting to a domain name, as in www.bleepingcomputer.com. Internet applications, though, do not communicate via domain names, but rather using IP addresses, such as 192.168.1.1. Therefore when you type a domain name in your program that you wish to connect to, your application must first convert it to an IP address that it will use to connect to. The way these hostnames are resolved to their mapped IP address is called Domain Name Resolution. On almost all operating systems whether they be Apple, Linux, Unix, Netware, or Windows the majority of resolutions from domain names to IP addresses are done through a procedure called DNS.

Hosts File - There is a file called the HOSTS file that you can use to convert domain names to IP addresses. Entries in the HOSTS file override any mappings that would be resolved via a DNS server

Netbios - This only applies to Windows machines and will only be used to map names to IP addresses if all previous methods failed. This method will attempt to map the netbios name you are trying to connect to with an IP address.