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A pattern must explain why a particular situation causes problems, and why the proposed solution is considered a good one. Christopher Alexander describes common design problems as arising from "conflicting forces" -- such as the conflict between wanting a room to be sunny and wanting it not to overheat on summer afternoons. A pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room; instead, it would propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular application. Alexander, for example, suggests that enough windows should be included to direct light all around the room. He considers this a good solution because he believes it increases the enjoyment of the room by its occupants. Other authors might come to different conclusions, if they place higher value on heating costs, or material costs. These values, used by the pattern's author to determine which solution is "best", must also be documented within the pattern. A pattern must also explain when it is applicable. Since two houses may be very different from one another, a design pattern for houses must be broad enough to apply to both of them, but not so vague that it doesn't help the designer make decisions. The range of situations in which a pattern can be used is called its context. Some examples might be "all houses", "all two-story houses", or "all places where people spend time." The context must be documented within the pattern. For instance, in Christopher Alexander's work, bus stops and waiting rooms in a surgery are both part of the context for the pattern "A PLACE TO WAIT."

Dynamic programming problems are to be solved with tabular methods

breadth-first search

Memorize the value of pi You should always try to remember the value of pi as far as possible, 3.1415926535897932384626433832795, certainly the part in italics. The judges may not give the value in the question, and if you use values like 22/7 or 3.1416 or 3.142857, then it is very likely that some of the critical judge inputs will cause you to get the wrong answer. You can also get the value of pi as a compiler-defined constant or from the following code: Pi=2*acos(0)

In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability is a desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner, or to be readily enlarged.[1] For example, it can refer to the capability of a system to increase total throughput under an increased load when resources (typically hardware) are added. An analogous meaning is implied when the word is used in a commercial context, where scalability of a company implies that the underlying business model offers the potential for economic growth within the company.