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The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. The task of such an information server is to respond to requests (in the case of web servers, requests from client web browsers) by returning output. Each time a request is received, the server analyzes what the request asks for, and returns the appropriate output. The two basic methods for the server to do this are the following: If the request identifies a file stored on disk, then return the contents of that file. If the request identifies an executable command and possibly arguments, then run the command and return its output. CGI defines a standard way of doing the second. It defines how information about the server and the request is passed to the command in the form of arguments and environment variables, and how the command can pass back extra information about the output (such as the type) in the form of headers.

In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability is a desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner, or to be readily enlarged.[1] For example, it can refer to the capability of a system to increase total throughput under an increased load when resources (typically hardware) are added. An analogous meaning is implied when the word is used in a commercial context, where scalability of a company implies that the underlying business model offers the potential for economic growth within the company.

Rich Internet applications (RIAs) are web applications that have some of the characteristics of desktop applications, typically delivered by way of a proprietary web browser plug-ins or independently via sandboxes or virtual machines[1]. Examples of RIA frameworks include Curl (programming language), Adobe Flash/Adobe Flex/AIR, Java/JavaFX[2], uniPaaS[3] and Microsoft Silverlight[4].

An Abstract Agent Programming Language or Artificial Autonomous Agents Programming Language or 3APL (pronounced triple-A-P-L) is an experimental tool and programming language for the development, implementation and testing of multiple cognitive agents using the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) approach. The newest incarnation of 3APL is 2APL (A Practical Agent Programming Language).

Mutation testing (or Mutation analysis) is a method of software testing, which involves modifying program's source code in small ways.[1] These, so-called mutations, are based on well-defined mutation operators that either mimic typical programming errors (such as using the wrong operator or variable name) or force the creation of valuable tests (such as driving each expression to zero). The purpose is to help the tester develop effective tests or locate weaknesses in the test data used for the program or in sections of the code that are seldom or never accessed during execution.

For example, consider the following C++ code fragment: if (a && b) c = 1; else c = 0; The condition mutation operator would replace '&&' with '||' and produce the following mutant: if (a || b) c = 1; else c = 0;

Many mutation operators can produce equivalent mutants. For example, consider the following code fragment: int index=0; while (...) { . . .; index++; if (index==10) break; } Boolean relation mutation operator will replace "==" with ">=" and produce the following mutant: int index=0; while (...) { . . .; index++; if (index>=10) break; }