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Kay Bradley

Methodology 2019 | Freedom House - 0 views

  • three-tiered system consisting of scores, ratings, and status.
  • tables for converting scores to ratings and ratings to status, appear at the end of this essay.
  • 0 to 4 points for each of 10 political rights
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  • 15 civil liberties indicators
  • 4 the greatest degree of freedom
  • The political rights questions are grouped into three subcategories: Electoral Process (3 questions), Political Pluralism and Participation (4), and Functioning of Government (3).
  • The civil liberties questions are grouped into four subcategories: Freedom of Expression and Belief (4 questions), Associational and Organizational Rights (3), Rule of Law (4), and Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights (4).
  • For the discretionary question, a score of 1 to 4 may be subtracted, as applicable (the worse the situation, the more points may be subtracted).
  • The highest overall score that can be awarded for political rights is 40 (or a score of 4 for each of the 10 questions). T
  • highest overall score that can be awarded for civil liberties is 60 (or a score of 4 for each of the 15 questions).
  • ach rating of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the greatest degree of freedom and 7 the smallest degree of freedom, corresponds to a specific range of total scores (see tables 1 and 2).
  • A country or territory is assigned two ratings
  • The average of a country or territory’s political rights and civil liberties ratings is called the Freedom Rating
  • upward or downward trend arrow
  • A trend arrow must be linked to a specific change or changes in score, and cannot be assigned if the country had no net change in score
  • Most score changes do not warrant trend arrows.
  • Electoral Democracy
  • designation “electoral democracy” to countries that have met certain minimum standards for political rights and civil liberties;
  • an electoral democracy designation requires a score of 7 or better in the Electoral Process subcategory, an overall political rights score of 20 or better, and an overall civil liberties score of 30 or better.
  • Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. They are ruled by authoritarian regimes, often with leaders or parties that originally took power by force and have been in office for decades.
  • hey may hold tightly controlled elections and grant a few political rights, such as some representation or autonomy for minority groups.
  • few or no political rights because of severe government oppression
  • While some are draconian police states, others may lack an authoritative and functioning central government and suffer from extreme violence or rule by regional warlords.
  • limits on media independence
  • estrictions on trade union activities
  • discrimination against minority groups and women.
  • strongly limit the rights of expression
  • frequently hold political prisoners
  • virtually no freedom of expression or association, do not protect the rights of detainees and prisoners, and often control most economic activity.
  • The gap between a country or territory’s political rights and civil liberties ratings is rarely more than two points. Politically oppressive states typically do not allow a well-developed civil society, for example, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain political freedoms in the absence of civil liberties like press freedom and the rule of law.
Kay Bradley

apcomparative - Mexico includes examples of corporatism - 1 views

  • PRI's close connection (corporatism) with Confederation of Workers)
  • For years under the PRI the Mexican government had corporatism and sponsored the only interest groups including the present interest group and the worker interest group.
  • Civil society in Mexico has grown considerably. At first, the PRI used corporatism to cut off any opposition. By forming specific interest groups and basically requiring one to be a part of the PRI party in order to speak out, the PRI party was more successful in gaining membership and support.
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  • Corporatism - A system of representing citizen's interests in the government that contrasts sharply with pluralism. A system of interest representation in which the government allows certain groups privileged access to the policy-making decisions in exchange for loyalty.
  • Confederacion Nacional de Campesinois/National Peasant Confederation (CNC) - One of the main corporatist groups that made up the PRI.
  • (CTM) Confederacion de Trabajadores Mexicanos - One of the main corporatist groups that made up the PRI.
  • The PRI party is an inclusive party that is in the center of the Mexico political line. It has no clear ideology and there are many different ideological positions because of the many factions within the PRI. It was the backbone of the Mexican corporatist system. Also, the PRI provided opportunities for the peasants and workers to enter the political system.
  • In the 1980s, the PRI changed course and adopted neo-liberal economic policies.
  • The Mexican bureaucracy is also heavily entrenched in corporatism in which few interest groups (commonly funded by the federal government to continue to exist) cooperate with policy makers.
  • Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) which was in power from 1927-2000. The PRI is an inclusive party that is in the middle of Mexico's political spectrum. The PRI used corporatism to help perpetuate its rule by providing patronage to groups who were loyal and repressing groups who were not loyal
  • The PRI party did not lose a single presidential election, until Vicente Fox, and only lost a few congressional and gubernatorial races. Some of the elections were honest but overall their intricate system of patron-client relations helped the PRI party decide who would run for office and then mobilize a loyal electorate in order for that person to win.
julianp22

Opinion | What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity? - The New York Times - 3 views

  • The resulting scores capture how the groups represent themselves, not necessarily their actual policies.
  • The Republican Party leans much farther right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain’s Independence Party and France’s National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.
  • the United States’ political center of gravity is to the right of other countries’, partly because of the lack of a serious left-wing party.
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  • The Republican Party leans much
  • If we could put every political party on the same continuum from left to right, where would the American parties fall?
  • Conservative Party in Britain and the Christian Democratic Union in Germany — mainstream right-leaning parties
  • The difference is that in Europe, far-right populist parties are often an alternative to the mainstream. In the United States, the Republican Party is the mainstream.
  • Marine Le Pen
  • The Democrats fall closer to mainstream left and center-left parties in other countries, like the Social Democratic Party in Germany and Britain’s Labour Party,
  • Note: Circles sized by the percentage of the vote won by the party in the latest election in this data. Only parties that won more than 1 percent of the vote and are still in existence are shown. We analyzed parties in a selection of Western European countries, Canada and the United States.
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    The visual accompanying this article was very useful! I found it helpful to compare the American political parties to European political parties. I always knew that American politics were very right-leaning, but I had no idea of the extent.
ellie davis

Notes pages 10-13 - 1 views

Proportional representation (PR)=Multimember districts (MMD) Single-member districts (SMD)=1 representative for each constituency personal dictatorship=based on power of an individual military regi...

started by ellie davis on 08 Sep 11 no follow-up yet
Kay Bradley

As Scorn for Vote Grows, Protests Surge Around Globe - NYTimes.com - 12 views

  • income inequality
  • these protesters share something else: wariness, even contempt, toward traditional politicians and the democratic political process they preside over.
  • they have little faith in the ballot box.
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  • high unemployment
  • social spending
  • cuts in social spendin
  • protesters say they so distrust their country’s political class and its pandering to established interest groups
  • their political leaders, regardless of party, had been so thoroughly captured by security concerns, ultra-Orthodox groups and other special interests
  • could no longer respond to the country’s middle class.
  • anticorruption measure
  • less hierarchical, more participatory
  • the political system has abandoned its citizens.”
  • That consensus, championed by scholars like Francis Fukuyama in his book “The End of History and the Last Man,” has been shaken if not broken by a seemingly endless succession of crises
  • continuing European and American debt crisis —
aaron_godinez

When Middle East Conflicts Become One - 5 views

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    I chose this article about the Israel-Palestine conflict because it talks about how this conflict is not an isolated battle between Israel and Palestine. The Op-Ed columnist David Brooks writes that because of all the conflict in the Middle East each country, group, or "political contour" that is striving for power influences the actions of either the Palestinian or Israeli parties. For example, Brooks mentions how Egypt blocked 95% of the tunnels that connected Egypt to Gaza, which costed Hamas $460 million a year. Hamas could not attack Egypt, so they attacked Israel instead. The public dissatisfaction caused Egypt to end the blockade. Thus, the external parties in the Middle East have a large effect on the Israel-Palestine conflict, and Brooks says that the conflict should therefore be analyzed from a different perspective: "It, like every conflict in the region, has to be seen as a piece of the larger 30 Years' War" (Brooks). This article shows us that we need to think a little more broadly when analyzing certain conflicts.
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    Dude. Best. Article. I. Have. Read. About. The. Conflict. Wow. In all seriousness though, this article really opens my eyes to the true reasons why Hamas is attacking Israel. Also never thought I'd see Egypt rooting for Israel but that cool!
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    I also liked this article so much I shared it on fahssbuk!
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    What negative affects, if any, does the loss of $460 million a year have on citizens? How exactly do firing shots at Israel give Middle Eastern powers over each other? Perhaps the recent ceasefires have failed because of the lawmakers' outdated strategies. Maybe the "deft negotiators" themselves do not realize that the conflict is no longer self-contained.
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    It's interesting how this article helps to rid the reader of past notions and assumptions about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It touches upon just how global the conflict and its effects are. The violence and chaos that has risen to an all time high is not solely isolated to the region (in geographic and cultural terms). Its interesting to think that Arab nations could/would play "games" with one another, involving the abuse Israel for financial or political gain.
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    I think it's interesting that these outside countries are involving themselves by using all the deaths of the Israelis and Palestinians as leverage to get what they want. The violence in Gaza negatively influences all of its surrounding regions. Violence only brings more violence.
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    This article was a great way to clear the air on many misconceptions that have been floating around that make the Israel-Palestine conflict seem like a very straightforward conflict. This makes it clear that many of the warfare between Israel and Palestine isn't related to conflict between these two nations, rather in some cases it is attempts by Palestinian states and Muslim rebels to show dominance to other Middle Eastern countries and sects in order to make political and economic moves. With so much intertwining of conflict with the Egypt and the Islamists at the Arab Spring and the closing of the 95% of the tunnels being closed between Egypt and Gaza. The Brotherhood, ISIS, and other militant groups are vying for power throughout the Middle East and flexing their muscle on anybody and everybody to establish political dominance.
quinnlewis

Mob Attack Over Rumors of Cow Slaughter Has Political Overtones in India - 1 views

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    Religious tensions lead to extremist groups. Interesting political connections to the different ethnic and religious groups we studied.
threelijah

On the Road to Samarra, Glimpses of Iraq's New Fractured Reality - 5 views

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    I chose this article because I felt that it gave a better view of the conflict happening in Iraq. The article shows how divided the Iraqi factions are, as well as shining a light on what the goals and motivations of the groups are. I feel that it is important for us as a class to look into what drives ISIS and I think this article is a good starting point.
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    Yes, good observations, Elijah. I can't figure out, though, if the divisions are along Sunni-Shiite lines or not. And it's disturbing to read that Iran is funding some of the Shiite militias. Echoes of the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war.
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    A large area of conflict between main Islamic subsets, the Sunnis and Shiites, is the tombs of two Shiite imams (leaders of prayer in a mosque) in Samarra (a city in Iraq). The Shiites claim that they will defend the tombs until the end. Currently, the Sunni militants (ISIS) have been driven back to the city's outskirts, but in June they reached and bombed the mouth of the tombs' shrine. If borders between two main Islamic groups, the Sunnis and Shiites, are constantly shifting, how can the common religious citizen know where s/he is safe? Are their homelands surrounding Samarra compromised? Most of the people fighting and defending are volunteer militiamen. Is there a lack of capitol production and industry with a large portion of the workforce missing? Are enough people fighting for that to even be a problem? Do non-militia commons people feel hatred towards others of different religious factions and how does that affect the growth, well-being of Iraq?
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    Similar to what Dr. Bradley said, I wonder if the militias that were funded by Iran are simply mercenaries or are actually loyal to the country. Is it possible that this is Iran's attempt to grab land for a weak Iraq?
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    I was shocked and at the same time not so surprised to find out about the many separate factions and flags flying throughout Iran and Iraq in this multifaceted crisis. The quests for power that these militant groups are involved in has called many "volunteers" to the forefront of the militant groups political and religious ambitions. I'm curious to know about the situations in the areas of the many "volunteers". Are they in areas that have already been compromised, thus they don't mind going to sacrifice their life on a daily basis fighting, or they are so devoted to their religion that they really won't stand to see their sacred Shiite shrine bombed by Sunni factions? As Dr. Bradley questioned, where are all these weapons coming from? How many militant groups are as "sensible" as the Peace Brigade?
Kay Bradley

Japan could change pacifist constitution after Shinzo Abe victory | World news | The Gu... - 0 views

  • The most controversial move would be a revision of article 9 to allow Japan’s self-defence forces to act more like a conventional army.
  • Rewriting the constitution, imposed by the US occupation authorities after the second world war, has been the ideological driving force behind Abe and other conservatives who believe it unfairly restricts Japan’s ability to respond to new threats such as international terrorism, an increasingly assertive China and a nuclear-armed North Korea.
  • However, Abe risks losing the political capital he has built over the past three and a half years if he is seen to be neglecting the economy in favour of constitutional reform.
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  • Xinhua, China’s official news agency, described Sunday’s election result as a threat to regional stability, a
  • “With Japan’s pacifist constitution at serious stake and Abe’s power expanding, it is alarming both for Japan’s Asian neighbours, as well as for Japan itself, as Japan’s militarisation will serve to benefit neither side,” Xinhua said in a commentary.
  • An exit poll conducted by the Asahi on Sunday showed that 49% of voters supported constitutional revision, with 44% opposed
Kay Bradley

Opinion | How Trumpism May Endure - The New York Times - 0 views

  • The story demands a religious loyalty.
  • Mr. Trump’s Lost Cause takes its fuel from conspiratorial myths of all kinds, rehearsed for years on Trump media and social media platforms. Its guiding theories include: Christianity under duress and attack; large corrupt cities full of Black and brown people manipulated by liberal elites; Barack Obama as alien; a socialist movement determined to tax you into subservience to “big government”; liberal media out to crush family and conservative values; universities and schools teaching the young a history that hates America; resentment of nonwhite immigrants who threaten a particular national vision; and whatever hideous new version of a civil religion QAnon represents.
  • The Confederate Lost Cause is one of the most deeply ingrained mythologies in American history. It emerged first as a mood of traumatized defeat in the 1860s, but grew into an array of arguments, organizations and rituals in search of a story that could win hearts and minds and regain power in the Southern states. It was initially a psychological response to the trauma of collective loss among former Confederates. It gained traction in violent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and in the re-emergence of the Democratic Party’s resistance to Reconstruction.
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  • Crucially, the Lost Cause argued that the Confederacy never fought to preserve slavery, and that it was never truly defeated on battlefields.
  • Confederate Lost Cause ideology
  • All Lost Causes find their lifeblood in lies, big and small, lies born of beliefs in search of a history that can be forged into a story and mobilize masses of people to act politically, violently, and in the name of ideology.
  • By the 1890s, the Lost Cause was no longer a story of loss, but one of victory: the defeat of Reconstruction. Southerners — whether run-of-the-mill local politicians, famous former generals or women who forged the culture of monument building — portrayed white supremacy and home rule for the South as the nation’s victory over radicalism and Negro rule.
  • glory of America
  • But it does seem to be tonic for those who fear long-term social change;
  • liberalism; taxation; what it perceives as big government; nonwhite immigrants who drain the homeland’s resources; government regulation imposed on individuals and businesses; foreign entanglements and wars that require America to be too generous to strange peoples in faraway places; any hint of gun control; feminism in high places; the nation’s inevitable ethnic and racial pluralism; and the infinite array of practices or ideas it calls “political correctness.”
  • border walls; ever-growing stock portfolios; access to the environment and hunting land without limits; coal they can burn at will; the “liberty” to reject masks; history that tastes of the sweetness of progress and not the bitterness of national sins.
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    "Mr. Trump's Lost Cause takes its fuel from conspiratorial myths of all kinds, rehearsed for years on Trump media and social media platforms. Its guiding theories include: Christianity under duress and attack; large corrupt cities full of Black and brown people manipulated by liberal elites; Barack Obama as alien; a socialist movement determined to tax you into subservience to "big government"; liberal media out to crush family and conservative values; universities and schools teaching the young a history that hates America; resentment of nonwhite immigrants who threaten a particular national vision; and whatever hideous new version of a civil religion QAnon represents."
samuelws

Democracy Is Dying in Brazil | Foreign Affairs - 0 views

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    Since Bolsonaro has take charge of Brazil, every aspect of political life has depleted into nothing. And many people comparing him to Donald Trump.
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    This article discusses how the Brazilian president is similar to Trump in his rejection of other governmental authorities and dictator-like actions, but these trends to authoritarianism began as early as the 1980s as the military gained political influence and far-right groups gained power in other countries.
audreybandel

The Ship That Became a Bomb | The New Yorker - 3 views

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    This is a bit of a longer read, but it's an interesting one. It examines the intersection of a multitude of political and infrastructure based issues that could lead to a large scale disaster.
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    This really illuminates how interconnected our world is; a political decision by a single group in a particular country can impact the entire world.
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    I love new yorker reads! This one in particular does a good job of the classic multi view style!
Karan Rai

ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of Varied Media - 4 views

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    The article that I chose to put in our Diigo list was about ISIS's ability to sway younger people in foreign countries through their use of social media. According to this article, ISIS is recruiting people from the West (USA/EU) through Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Kik and more. They are essentially the "new-age" terrorist organization because ISIS is able to very effectively use digital means to spread their message. For example, about two weeks ago, ISIS released a video in which they beheaded an American journalist. This video was posted on Facebook and Twitter and spread very, very quickly. Additionally, the article states that ISIS's recruitment message has been very successful as they have received hundreds of recruits from the West (USA/EU). Possibly as a response to the growing power of ISIS, today Germany decided to supply thousands of armaments to the Kurds in Iraq in order to fight off ISIS. I am curious to see how the USA handles in the situation with ISIS because they are obviously a group that has the capability to do a lot of damage but I doubt the USA wants to support a group that will eventually turn against them like the Mujahideen fighters in the 1980s.
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    This article was very concerning. It just reminds me how the promise of power will make people do unthinkable things, evident numerous times in history. It's even scarier how this movement is grabbing people's attention through casual social media settings. What the article said about people asking questions about ISIS on ask.fm and then being directed to kik for a more personal discussion was crazy!
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    It is alarming how quickly ISIS can recruit and spread information through social media. It truly is "online jihad 3.0".
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    Couldn't twitter and other online website deactivate their accounts? or block some of their posts or something, or is it a legal issue? ISIS seems appears to be an organized terrorist group. The fact that they have that kind of book keeping is strange. Their ability to publicize their actions and demands seems to put more pressure on the actions of intervening political parties.
Matt Harband

Japanese and North Korean Officials Hold First Talks in Four Years - 1 views

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    TOKYO - Government officials from Japan and North Korea held their first talks in four years on Wednesday, amid hopes that the North's new leader could be trying to reduce tensions with Japan and by extension, the United States.
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    I find both North Korea's political and social situations fascinating. Kim Jong-Un succeeded his father Kim Jong-Il as the "Supreme Leader of North Korea" in December of 2011, and less than a year later seems to be considering solidifying economic ties with other countries. North Korea has been notorious for its isolationism thus its miraculous that the government is willing to begin talks. It will be interesting to see what will happen In Communist North Korea as Cuba (also Communist) becomes open to US travelers for the first time in decades as long as they are with an educational group.
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    Let's talk about what we know about North Korea's new leader--hopeful or scary?
Kay Bradley

Twenty Questions We Have About Pakistan - 29 views

1. Should the US intervene in Pakistan? 2. How are the politics of Pakistan affecting the people? 3. What is the class/caste social structure of Pakistan? 4. What is the government structure? ...

Pakistan Less Developed World:

started by Kay Bradley on 07 Sep 10 no follow-up yet
Kay Bradley

Pakistan's Army Pushes Shake-Up For Government - NYTimes.com - 3 views

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    Wow!
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    It is shocking to see the state that the government is in (especially the part about them only having two months' salary). In Pakistan's history this would have meant a military or oppositiong party takeover. However, neither general Kayani nor fromer prime minister Sharif wants to be responsible for the disaster caused by the floods. The military has been doing most of the work in flood aid. But the fact that neither group wants to take over shows just how bad Pakistan's situation is.
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    I wonder why only 2 million out of 170 million people pay taxes. It seems to be the political culture, since top government officials don't pay either. Gilani, who really runs the country, is also being blamed, instead of just Zardari. In addition, it seems that another military coup is in the near future, but how are the people going to reconcile their desire for democracy with the current government's unpopularity?
Catherine Binder

As Global Games Begin, India Hopes for Chance to Save National Pride - 1 views

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    This article is about India's preparations for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. There are accusations of corruption while footbridges collapse and athletes' dorms are considered "uninhabitable." There appears to be no central authority in charge of the event, leaving many to criticize India's political culture.
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    It's interesting to compare India's troubles in organizing the event to China's flawless execution of the Olympics. The article mentions that China had an easier time because, as a Communist state, it was able to relocate people and suppress objections fairly easily. In contrast, India, as a democracy, faced many delays caused by people refusing to move and protests by environmental groups. India also has a much more corrupt bureaucracy.
Max Stayman

Occupy Wall Street Shows Muscle, Raises $300K - ABC News - 0 views

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    This article talks about how despite the Occupy Wall Street movement being relatively disjointed and lacking a single rallying point, it has gained huge success both domestically and worldwide. They have occupied a park just off of Wall Street for nearly a month now, and they are receiving massive amounts of donations. Monetarily, they have raised $300 thousand.
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    This is a great article. The funniest part was about the packages of swimming goggles and wool that the protesters receive. While it is annoying that the protesters can't seem to make some sort of agreement, this is inherent in a LARGE group of young, politically charged citizens. I wouldn't say it's completely hopeless though, for they've already managed to draft a constitution. I'm glad Obama supports them too.
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