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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): When the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked, it can lead to heart attacks. Procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are performed to restore blood flow to the heart. Heart Valve Disease: When one or more of the heart valves do not open or close properly, it can affect blood flow through the heart. Valve repair or replacement surgery may be necessary. Congenital Heart Defects: These are heart abnormalities present at birth. Surgery is often needed to correct structural defects in the heart. Heart Failure: In severe cases, when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently, surgery such as a heart transplant or implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) might be needed. Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections:These are serious conditions involving the aorta.Surgery is often required to repair or replace the damaged section of the aorta.