Our vision is of a future in which our population co-exists in harmony with nature and prospers on a healthy planet, to the benefit of all.
Our mission is to drive positive, large-scale action through fostering choices that help achieve a sustainable human population and regenerate our environment.
There are now more than 7,700,000,000 people on planet Earth.
It took until the early 1800s for the world population to reach one billion. Now we add a billion every 12-15 years. There are many misconceptions about population - what the numbers say, what the impact is, and what population campaigners want to do about it.
We are a company limited by guarantee (3019081) and a registered charity (1114109).
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
Chapter 2 E lements of an Entity-Level Calculation Tool 6
Chapter 3 Deciding which Tool Elements to Customize 9
Chapter 4 Customizing the GHG Accounting Concepts 16
Chapter 5 E stimating or Measuring Emissions 20
Chapter 6 Designing a Comprehensive Stakeholder Process 28
Chapter 7 Launching the Customized Calculation Tool 31
The GHG Protocol provides the accounting framework for nearly every GHG standard and program in the world - from the International Standards Organization to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme to the California Climate Registry - as well as hundreds of GHG inventories prepared by individual companies.
Real World Visuals specialise in data visualisation for contemporary environmental and humanitarian topics and challenges, turning unseen numbers and volumes into relatable imagery.
We have helped clients communicate a range of subjects such as air pollution, ozone, carbon capture, waste disposal, water and resource use to their audiences. Our team are able to accurately transform your data into images, animations and interactives that convey meaningful volume, scale and perspective. We are always keen to work with new methods and topics so feel free to contact us about your project.
Environment : Our mother nature's beautiful gift to us. Air, water, soil, plants, animals everything around us has a major role to play in this world. Everything is dependent on the other. We had such an marvelous environment that depicts a heaven on earth. Are we really treasuring it?
Overpopulation is a major cause of most of the world's problems. Whether it is a question of food shortage, lack of drinking water or energy shortages, every country in the world is affected by it - or will be.
Call it the networked environment. Picture tiny - we're talking small as a dime - wireless sensors lining lake beds and ocean floors, buried in the ground, and floating in the sky. All the time they are sniffing the air, water, and soil for pollutants and detecting changes in temperature and pressure.
The payoff: real-time data on a variety of phenomena that affect the economy and society - climate change, hurricanes, air and water pollution.
In addition to having high global warming
potentials, SF6 and PFCs have extremely long atmospheric lifetimes,
resulting in their essentially irreversible accumulation in the atmosphere
once emitted (see below).
The definition of a GWP for a particular
greenhouse gas is the ratio of heat trapped by one unit mass of
the greenhouse gas to that of one unit mass of CO2 over
a specified time period.
While the most current estimates
for GWPs are listed in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report (TAR),
EPA analyses use the 100-year GWPs listed in the IPCC's Second Assessment
Report (SAR) to be consistent with the international standards under
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
(IPCC, 1996
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
HFCs are man-made chemicals, many of which have been developed as alternatives
to ozone-depleting substances (ODS) for industrial, commercial, and consumer
products.
The global warming potentials of HFCs range from 140 (HFC-152a)
to 11,700 (HFC-23).
The atmospheric lifetime for HFCs varies from just
over a year for HFC-152a to 260 years for HFC-23.
Most of the commercially
used HFCs have atmospheric lifetimes less than 15 years; e.g., HFC-134a, which i sused in automobile air conditioning and refrigeration,
has an atmospheric life of 14 years.
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Primary
aluminum production and semiconductor manufacture are the largest known
man-made sources of two perfluorocarbons – CF4 (tetrafluoromethane)
and C2F6 (hexafluoroethane).
The GWP of CF4
and C2F6 emissions is equivalent to approximately
6,500 and 9,200 tonnes, respectively. PFCs are also relatively minor substitutes
for ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
PFCs have extremely stable molecular structures and are largely immune
to the chemical processes in the lower atmosphere that break down most
atmospheric pollutants. Not until the PFCs reach the mesosphere, about
60 kilometers above Earth, do very high-energy ultraviolet rays from the
sun destroy them. This removal mechanism is extremely slow and as a result
PFCs accumulate in the atmosphere and remain there for several thousand
years.
The estimated atmospheric lifetimes for CF4 and C2F6
are 50,000 and 10,000 years respectively.
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
The global warming potential of SF6 is 23,900, making it the
most potent greenhouse gas the IPCC has evaluated.
SF6 is used for insulation and current interruption in electric power transmission and distribution equipment, in the magnesium industry to protext molten
magnesium from oxidation and potentially violent burning, in semiconductor manufacturing to create circuitry patterns on silicon wafers, and as a tracer
gas for leak detection.
semiconductors (i.e. electronics) not exactly clean-tech!
Like the other high GWP gases, there are very few sinks for SF6, so all man-made
sources contribute directly to its accumulation in the atmosphere. Measurements
of SF6 show that its global average concentration has increased
by about 7% per year during the 1980s and 1990s, from less 1 ppt in 1980
to almost 4 ppt in the late 1990’s (IPCC, 2001).
HFC-134a has an atmospheric lifetime of about
14 years and its abundance is expected to continue to rise in line with
its increasing use as a refrigerant around the world.
The only significant emissions
of HFCs before 1990 were of the chemical HFC-23
Between 1978 and 1995, HFC-23
concentrations have increased from 3 to 10 parts per trillion (ppt), and
continue to rise. Since 1990, when it was almost undetectable, global
average concentrations of HFC-134a have risen significantly to almost
10 ppt (parts per trillion).
Transparency International is a global movement working in over 100 countries to end the injustice of corruption.
We focus on issues with the greatest impact on people's lives and hold the powerful to account for the common good. Through our advocacy, campaigning and research, we work to expose the systems and networks that enable corruption to thrive, demanding greater transparency and integrity in all areas of public life.