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Beatriz Narvaez

Chikungunya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • The incubation period of chikungunya disease ranges from 2 to 12 days, typically two to three. The majority of those infected will develop symptoms.[11] Symptoms include a fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), petechial or maculopapular rash of the trunk and occasionally the limbs, and arthralgia or arthritis affecting multiple joints.[12] Other nonspecific symptoms can include headache, nausea, vomiting, conjunctivitis, slight photophobia, and partial loss of taste.[13] Ocular inflammation from chikungunya may present as iridocyclitis, or uveitis. Retinal lesions may also occur.[14] Swelling of legs is observed in many people, the cause of which remains obscure as it is not related to any cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic abnormalities. Typically, the fever lasts for two days and then ends abruptly. However, other symptoms, namely joint pain, intense headache, insomnia and an extreme degree of prostration, last for a variable period, usually about five to seven days.[12] People have complained of joint pains for much longer time periods, some as long as two years, depending on their age.[15][16] Recovery from the disease varies by age. Younger people recover within five to 15 days; middle-aged people recover in 1.0 to 2.5 months. Recovery is longer for the elderly. The severity of the disease, as well as its duration, is less in younger people and pregnant women. In pregnant women, no untoward effects are noticed after the infection.
  • Observations during recent epidemics have suggested chikungunya may cause long-term symptoms following acute infection. During the La Reunion outbreak in 2006, more than 50% of subjects over the age of 45 reported long-term musculoskeletal pain[17] with up to 60% of people reporting prolonged arthralgia three years following initial infection.[18] A study of imported cases in France reported that 59% of people still suffered from arthralgia two years after acute infection.[19] Following a local epidemic of chikungunya in Italy, 66% of people reported muscles pains, joint pains, or asthenia at one year after acute infection.[20] Long-term symptoms are not an entirely new observation; long-term arthritis was observed following an outbreak in 1979.[21] Common predictors of prolonged symptoms are increased age and prior rheumatological disease.[17][18][20][22] The cause of these chronic symptoms is currently not fully known. Markers of autoimmune or rheumatoid disease have not been found in people reporting chronic symptoms.[18][23] However, some evidence from humans and animal models suggests chikungunya may be able to establish chronic infections within the host. Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a people suffering a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial onset.[24] Additionally, viral antigen and RNA were found in synovial macrophages of a person during a relapse of musculoskeletal disease 18 months after initial infection.[25] Several animal models have also suggested chikungunya virus may establish persistent infections. In a mouse model, viral RNA was detected specifically in joint-associated tissue for at least 16 weeks after inoculation, and was associated with chronic synovitis.[26] Similarly, another study reported detection of a viral reporter gene in joint tissue of mice for weeks after inoculation.[27] In a nonhuman primate model, chikungunya virus was found to persist in the spleen for at least six weeks.[28]
  • The most effective means of prevention are protection against contact with the disease-carrying mosquitoes and mosquito control.[9] These include using insect repellents with substances such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide; also known as N,N'-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide or NNDB), icaridin (also known as picaridin and KBR3023), PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol, a substance derived from the lemon eucalyptus tree), or IR3535. Wearing bite-proof long sleeves and trousers also offers protection. In addition, garments can be treated with pyrethroids, a class of insecticides that often has repellent properties. Vaporized pyrethroids (for example in mosquito coils) are also insect repellents. Securing screens on windows and doors will help to keep mosquitoes out of the house. In the case of the day-active A. aegypti and A. albopictus, however, this will have only a limited effect, since many contacts between the mosquitoes and humans occur outside.
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  • In those who have more than two weeks of arthritis, ribavirin may be useful.[9] The effect of chloroquine is not clear.[9] It does not appear to help acute disease, but tentative evidence indicates it might help those with chronic arthritis.[9] Steroids do not appear useful, either.[9]
  • Currently, no specific treatment is available.[9] Attempts to relieve the symptoms include the use of NSAIDs such as naproxen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) and fluids.[9] Aspirin is not recommended.[57]
ximenamartinez

Ebola Survival Rates: Why Patients' Outcomes Vary - 0 views

  • The overall survival rate of the current Ebola outbreak, the largest in history with more than 9,200 confirmed or suspected cases, is around 50 percent, according to the World Health Organization. That's a better outcome than most previous outbreaks, many of which had survival rates less than 30 percent. Sierra Leone’s survival rate is currently about 65 percent. Guinea’s hovers around 50 percent, and Liberia’s is around 40 percent, the WHO reports.
  • hat's a better outcome than most previous outbreaks, many of which had survival rates less than 30 percent.
ximenamartinez

Ebola Cases Could Reach 1.4 Million Within Four Months, C.D.C. Estimates - NYTimes.com - 0 views

  • In the worst-case scenario, the two countries could have a total of 21,000 cases of Ebola by Sept. 30 and 1.4 million cases by Jan. 20 if the disease keeps spreading without effective methods to contain it. These figures take into account the fact that many cases go undetected, and estimate that there are actually 2.5 times as many as reported.
    • ximenamartinez
       
      Ebola could reach 1.4 million deaths within four months. 
Natalia Alas

Traditional Japanese Music - Koto - Virtual Culture - Kids Web Japan - Web Japan - 1 views

  • Japanese styles of expression. Instruments were adapted and newly created to meet local needs, and the most important of these were the shamisen, shakuhachi, and koto.
  • The shakuhachi is a flute made of bamboo that's played by blowing on one end. There are four holes in the front and one in the back, and so it's sometimes called a "five-holed bamboo flute" in English. These five holes are enough to produce a complete range of sounds; in fact, it's the small number of holes that gives the shakuhachi its distinctively poignant tone.
  • The shamisen resembles a guitar; it has a long, thin neck and a small, rectangular body covered with skin. I
    • maria jose conde suarez
       
      it is very interesting because it is saying that that instrument is covered with real skin and iv never seen an instrument of that kind
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  • The shamisen resembles a guitar; it has a long, thin neck and a small, rectangular body covered with skin.
  • musical forms were imported from China more than a thousand years ago, but over the years, they were reshaped into distinctively
  • It was the 13-string koto that was carried to Japan during the Nara period (710-794).
    • Natalia Alas
       
      The koto had less strings before, but it then happen to had
  • koto, meanwhile, is a large, wooden instrument with 13 strings. It's around 160 centimeters
  • history of traditional music in Japan is rich and varied.
  • Historians think the koto was born around the fifth to third century B.C. in China.
  • The left hand presses down on the strings to bend notes and create other effects.
  • it came to be performed by itself.
  • commonly performed with the shamisen and shakuhachi or as accompaniment to songs.
  • Sadly, modern Japanese rarely hear these traditional instruments being played live these days.
  • Of the traditional instruments, the koto is probably the most familiar and popular.
  • Many musical forms were imported from China more than a thousand years ago
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    This shamisen is similar to a guitar in shape. It is used to play historical traditional japanese music.
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    the shakuhachi is made from bamboo
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    This is the information of the traditional japanese instruments and how are they played. The most important ones were Shamisen, Shakuhachi, and Koto. Koto is the most familiar and popular. I found this website very interesting!
ivanna salome

Andean music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • Andean music is a group of styles of music from the Andes region in Southamerica.
    • ivanna salome
       
      the style of the andean music is from south america 
  • Andean music has served as a major source of inspiration for the neo-folkloric Nueva canción movement that begun in the 60s, Nueva canción musicians both interpreted old songs and created new pieces that are now considered andean music. Some Nueva canción musicians such as Los Jaivas would fuse Andean music with psychedelic and progressive rock.
    • Gabriela Rodriguez
       
      nueva cancion fact 
  • The panpipes group include the sikú (or zampoña) and antara. These are ancient indigenous instruments that vary in size, tuning and style. Instruments in this group are constructed from aquatic reeds found in many lakes in the Andean Region of South America. The sikú has two rows of canes and are tuned in either pentatonic or diatonic scales. Some modern single-rowed panpipes modeled after the native Antara are capable of playing full scales, while traditional Sikús are played using two rows of canes wrapped together.
    • ivanna salome
       
      the different instruments in andean are pinpipes siku zampona and antara
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  • Quenas (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally made out of the same aquatic canes as the Sikús, although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold and humidity.
  • It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America,
  • The Nueva Canción movement of the 70s revived the genre across Latin America and brought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten.
  • quenas only are played during the
  • dry season
  • vertical flutes, either pinkillos or tarkas, being played during the wet season.
  • Tarkas are constructed from local Andean hard wood sources
  • Marching bands dominated by drums and panpipes are commonplace today and are used to celebrate weddings, carnivals and other holidays.
  • The twentieth century saw drastic changes in Andean society and culture. Bolivia, for example, saw a nationalistic revolution in 1952,
  • Los Curacas took the fusion work of Los Jairas and the Parras to invent nueva canción, which returned to Bolivia in the 1980s in the form of canto nuevo artists such as Emma Junaro and Matilde Casazola.
  • The 1970s was a decade in which Andean music saw its biggest growth.
  • Different groups sprang out of the different villages throughout the Andes Region. Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia and Argentina.
  • hey would later take Andean music to the rest of the world.
  • Originally from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, cumbia became a hit in Peru and through much of Latin America. It was then adapted to a "Peruvian" version called "Chicha" that has become a popular style in the Andean region, specially among in the lower socioeconomic strata of the society including Quechua and Aymara populations
r4u115-_-

Music History | Andean Nation - 0 views

  • The haunting sounds of bamboo pipes have formed a part of the Andean landscape for over two millennia. The Andean melodies most people are exposed to today, however, are a result of centuries of colonialism and the migrations of peoples from different regions and continents.
  • Many people associate indigenous Andean instruments to the time of the Inca. Flutes are generically labeled “Inca Pan-Pipes”
  • While the Incas certainly employed the instruments we know as “Andean”
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  • they introduced styles of music and instruments during their conquests.
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    this are some peruvian instruments
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    This is one of the famous instruments of the andean music made by the incas
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    How the Andes be inmuned to forces of globalization? Spanish conquest made some changes in the Andean music world. They introduce the string instruments,
Michelle Ramirez

Ebola has never spread to this many countries before - 13 things you need to know about... - 0 views

  • Ebola first appeared in 1976 during twin outbreaks
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    Before 2014, Ebola was a disease that was mostly confined to remote African villages. Health officials didnt worry about it going global. Ebola first appeared in 1976 during twin outbreaks. By the time Ebola outbreak was identified in March, it had already spread to all three countries along the border. Nine countries hit with ebola in one year. There's never been an Ebola outbreak like this before.
silvana escobar

Chikungunya in the Caribbean - Watch - Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions - Travel Hea... - 0 views

  • Who is at risk? Travelers who go to these islands in the Caribbean are at risk of getting chikungunya. In addition, travelers to Africa, Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific are also at risk, as the virus is present in many of these areas. The mosquito that carries chikungunya virus can bite during the day and night, both indoors and outdoors, and often lives around buildings in urban areas.
  • Prevent mosquito bites:
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