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arowynd

Humanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

shared by arowynd on 22 May 13 - Cached
  • Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view, or practice that focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters
  • Humanism does not consider metaphysical issues such as the existence or nonexistence of supernatural beings
  • Secular humanism contrasts with religious humanism, which is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that center on human needs, interests, and abilities.
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  • humanity must seek for truth through reason and the best observable evidence
  • decisions about right and wrong must be based on the individual and common good
  • Secular humanism is a secular ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and justice, whilst specifically rejecting supernatural and religious dogma as a basis of morality and decision-making.
  • living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others
  • The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after.
  • a comprehensive life stance or world view which embraces human reason, metaphysical naturalism, altruistic morality and distributive justice
  • Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities.
Sunny Jackson

Censorship - Wikiquote - 0 views

  • Let children read whatever they want and then talk about it with them. If parents and kids can talk together, we won't have as much censorship because we won't have as much fear. Judy Blume
  • It's not just the books under fire now that worry me. It is the books that will never be written. The books that will never be read. And all due to the fear of censorship. As always, young readers will be the real losers. Judy Blume
  • Only six weeks ago, I discovered that, over the years, some cubby-hole editors at Ballantine Books, fearful of contaminating the young, had, bit by bit, censored some 75 separate sections from the novel. Students, reading the novel which, after all, deals with the censorship and book-burning in the future, wrote to tell me of this exquisite irony. Judy-Lynn Del Rey, one of the new Ballantine editors, is having the entire book reset and republished this summer with all the damns and hells back in place. Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451, Coda (1979 edition)
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  • Don't join the book burners. Don't think you are going to conceal thoughts by concealing evidence that they ever existed. Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • It is this very conflict of spiritual and moral ideas which gives the free countries a great part of their strength. You see these dictators on their pedestals, surrounded by the bayonets of their soldiers and the truncheons of their police. On all sides they are guarded by masses of armed men, cannons, aeroplanes, fortifications, and the like — they boast and vaunt themselves before the world, yet in their hearts there is unspoken fear. They are afraid of words and thoughts; words spoken abroad, thoughts stirring at home — all the more powerful because forbidden — terrify them. A little mouse of thought appears in the room, and even the mightiest potentates are thrown into panic. They make frantic efforts to bar our thoughts and words; they are afraid of the workings of the human mind. Cannons, airplanes, they can manufacture in large quantities; but how are they to quell the natural promptings of human nature, which after all these centuries of trial and progress has inherited a whole armoury of potent and indestructible knowledge? Winston Churchill
  • If we don't believe in freedom of expression for people we despise, we don't believe in it at all. Noam Chomsky
  • Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings. Heinrich Heine
  • Books won't stay banned. They won't burn. Ideas won't go to jail. In the long run of history, the censor and the inquisitor have always lost. The only sure way against bad ideas is better ideas. The source of better ideas is freedom. The surest path to wisdom is liberal education. Alfred Whitney Griswold
  • The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it. John Gilmore
  • Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost. Thomas Jefferson
  • Assassination is the extreme form of censorship. George Bernard Shaw
  • All censorships exist to prevent anyone from challenging current conceptions and existing institutions. All progress is initiated by challenging current conceptions, and executed by supplanting existing institutions. Consequently the first condition of progress is the removal of censorship. George Bernard Shaw
  • Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime. Long ago those who wrote our First Amendment charted a different course. They believed a society can be truly strong only when it is truly free. In the realm of expression they put their faith, for better or for worse, in the enlightened choice of the people, free from the interference of a policeman's intrusive thumb or a judge's heavy hand. So it is that the Constitution protects coarse expression as well as refined, and vulgarity no less than elegance. Potter Stewart
  • There is no such thing as a moral book or an immoral book. Books are well written or badly written. That is all. Oscar Wilde
  • The books that the world calls immoral are the books that show the world its own shame. Oscar Wilde
  • An idea that is not dangerous is unworthy of being called an idea at all. Oscar Wilde
Sunny Jackson

Reification (fallacy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event, or physical entity
  • it is the error of treating as a concrete thing something which is not concrete, but merely an idea
  • Another common manifestation is the confusion of a model with reality
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  • real life always differs from the model
  • reification is generally accepted in literature and other forms of discourse where reified abstractions are understood to be intended metaphorically
  • Reification may derive from an inborn tendency to simplify experience
  • the turning of something abstract into a concrete thing or object
  • Reification often takes place when natural or social processes are misunderstood and/or simplified
  • Reification can also occur when a word with a normal usage is given an invalid usage
  • When human-like qualities are attributed as well, it is a special case of reification, known as pathetic fallacy (or anthropomorphic fallacy)
  • the use of reification in logical arguments is usually regarded as a fallacy
  • usually philosophical or ideological
  • one commits the fallacy of misplaced concreteness when one mistakes an abstract belief, opinion or concept about the way things are for a physical or "concrete" reality
  • the accidental error of mistaking the abstract for the concrete
  • constructs -- they are not directly observable
  • reification is the attribution of concrete characteristics to an abstract idea
  • Pathetic fallacy is also related to personification, which is a direct and explicit in the ascription of life and sentience to the thing in question, whereas the pathetic fallacy is much broader and more allusive.
  • a pathetic fallacy is when those characteristics are specifically human characteristics, thoughts, and feelings
  • The animistic fallacy involves attributing intention of a person to an event or situation
  • Reification is commonly found in rhetorical devices such as metaphor and personification
  • the fallacy occurs during an argument that results in false conclusions
Sunny Jackson

David Hume - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • British Empiricist
  • A Treatise of Human Nature
  • examined the psychological basis of human nature
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  • concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour
  • skeptical philosophical tradition
  • empiricist
  • argued against the existence of innate ideas
  • humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience
  • mental behaviour is governed by "custom"
  • concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self
  • advocated a compatibilist theory of free will
  • sentimentalist
  • moral philosophy
  • held that ethics are based on feelings rather than abstract moral principles
  • Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
  • early analytic philosophy
  • philosophy of science
  • utilitarianism
  • logical positivism
  • cognitive philosophy
  • pioneered the essay as a literary genre
  • cognitive science
Sunny Jackson

Reason - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • the capacity human beings have to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and to change or justify practices, institutions, and beliefs
  • a definitive characteristic of human nature
  • sometimes referred to as rationality
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  • Reason is closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and institutions, and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination
Sunny Jackson

Premise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

shared by Sunny Jackson on 03 Jul 13 - Cached
  • a statement that an argument claims will induce or justify a conclusion
  • an assumption that something is true
  • In logic, an argument requires a set of (at least) two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises along with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion
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  • complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises which then act as premises for additional conclusions
  • Premises are sometimes left unstated
    • Sunny Jackson
       
      missing premises
  • any logical argument could be reduced to two premises and a conclusion
  • two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure
  • a tacitly understood claim
  • The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument
Sunny Jackson

Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or validity of a proposition by showing that the proposition's being false would imply a contradiction.
  • by the law of bivalence a proposition must be either true or false, and its falsity has been shown impossible, the proposition must be true.
Sunny Jackson

Kurt Vonnegut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • 20th century American writer
  • blend satire, gallows humor and science fiction
  • lifelong supporter of the American Civil Liberties Union
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  • critical liberal intellectual
  • honorary president of the American Humanist Association
  • known for his humanist beliefs
  • eight rules for writing a short story:
  • Use the time of a total stranger in such a way that he or she will not feel the time was wasted.
  • Give the reader at least one character he or she can root for.
  • Every character should want something, even if it is only a glass of water.
  • Every sentence must do one of two things—reveal character or advance the action.
  • Start as close to the end as possible.
  • No matter how sweet and innocent your leading characters, make awful things happen to them—in order that the reader may see what they are made of.
  • Write to please just one person.
  • Give your readers as much information as possible as soon as possible. To hell with suspense.
Sunny Jackson

Invisible Pink Unicorn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • goddess
  • paradoxically both invisible and pink
  • supernatural beliefs are arbitrary
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  • inability to disprove
  • mutually exclusive attributes
  • because she is invisible, no one can prove that she does not exist (or indeed that she is not pink)
  • The Invisible Pink Unicorn is an illustration which attempts to demonstrate the absurdity of citing attributes and a lack of evidence as proof of a deity's existence.
  • Her two defining attributes, invisibility and color (pink), are inconsistent and contradictory; this is part of the satire.
  • The paradox of something being invisible yet having visible characteristics (e.g., color)
  • There are humorous mock debates amongst her "followers" concerning her other attributes, such as whether she is completely invisible, or invisible to most, but visible to those who have faith in her
  • Some arguments are quite elaborate and tortuous, satirizing the disputatiousness and intricacy of the theological debates that occur in many religions
Sunny Jackson

Semantics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • the study of meaning
  • focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for
  • often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation
Sunny Jackson

Wikipedia:Citation needed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • {{Citation needed}}
  • Exercise caution
  • If you can provide a reliable source for the claim, please be bold and replace the "Citation needed" template with enough information to locate the source.
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  • You may leave the copyediting to someone else
  • If someone tagged your contributions with "Citation needed" and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's discussion page.
  • Controversial, poorly-sourced claims in biographies of living people should be deleted immediately.
Sunny Jackson

Qualia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

shared by Sunny Jackson on 03 Jul 13 - Cached
  • individual instances of subjective, conscious experience
  • qualia is "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us."
  • The way it feels
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  • what it is like
  • recognizable qualitative characters
  • it is purely subjective
  • intuited
  • cannot be communicated, or apprehended by any other means than direct experience
  • a normally sighted person who sees red would be unable to describe the experience of this perception in such a way that a listener who has never experienced color will be able to know everything there is to know about that experience
  • color
  • it is possible to make an analogy
  • such a description is incapable of providing a complete description of the experience
  • a perception
  • taste
  • it is by definition difficult or impossible to convey qualia verbally
  • What's it like
  • consciousness has an essentially subjective character, a what-it-is-like aspect
  • the subjective aspect of the mind may not ever be sufficiently accounted for by the objective methods of reductionistic science
  • subjective consciousness
Sunny Jackson

Semiotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

Sunny Jackson

Ignosticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • if that definition is unfalsifiable, the ignostic takes the theological noncognitivist position that the question of the existence of God (per that definition) is meaningless
  • a coherent definition of God must be presented before the question of the existence of God can be meaningfully discussed
  • the concept of God is not considered meaningless; the term "God" is considered meaningless
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  • "What is meant by 'God'?"
  • Some philosophers have seen ignosticism as a variation of agnosticism or atheism,[1] while others have considered it to be distinct.
  • An ignostic maintains that they cannot even say whether they are a theist or an atheist until a sufficient definition of theism is put forth.
Sunny Jackson

Transhumanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • Transhumanism, often abbreviated as H+ or h+, is an international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities.
Sunny Jackson

Wikipedia:Verifiability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • a reader's ability to check cited sources that directly support the information in an article
  • It must be possible to attribute all information in Wikipedia to reliable, published sources that are appropriate for the content in question.
  • Verifiability
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  • Neutral point of view
  • All quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable published source
  • The citation should fully identify the source, and the location within the source (specifying page, section, or such divisions as may be appropriate) where the material is to be found.
  • The burden of evidence lies with the editor who adds or restores material.
  • Editors might object if you remove material without giving them time to provide references. It has always been good practice to try to find and cite supporting sources
  • consider adding a citation needed tag
  • article
  • paper
  • or book
  • creator
  • document
  • publisher
  • published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy
  • Sources should directly support the material presented
  • appropriate to the claims made
  • academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources
  • Material from reliable non-academic sources may also be used, particularly if it appears in respected mainstream publications.
  • university-level textbooks
  • books published by respected publishing houses
  • journals
  • magazines
  • mainstream newspapers
Sunny Jackson

Bundlr - Reason(s) & Belief - 0 views

  • contrived
  • circumstantial evidence
  • all members of that religion would speak with one voice regarding ethical and theological issues
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  • some piece of knowledge that the people of the time couldn't possibly have known but that is now known to be true
  • still explicable as the result of purely human forces
  • To convince me, a miracle would have to be genuine, verifiable, and represent a real and inexplicable divergence from the ordinary.
  • If a given religion's sacred text consistently promotes peace, compassion and nonviolence
  • Anything that can be explained by peer pressure, the power of suggestion or the placebo effect does not count.
  • Did God intend to communicate his message clearly but failed to do so?
  • if that religion's history reflects that fact
  • I'll be happy to believe in God if he tells me to in person, as long as he does it in such a way that I could be sure that it was not a hallucination
  • interesting theological problems
  • subjective experience
  • self-fulfilling
  • impressive
  • a dramatic, statistically significant increase in recovery rate
  • True inerrancy
  • Almost every religion claims their scripture is perfect, but none that I know of have actually met this exacting standard
  • almost every religion that has ever had the power to do so has persecuted those who believed differently, and I do not think it likely that a morally good deity would allow his chosen faith's good name to be smeared by evil and fallible humans
  • It seems reasonable to expect that, if there existed a god that was interested in revealing itself to humanity and desired that we follow its commands, that god would write down whatever instructions it had to give us in a way that was only amenable to one interpretation.
  • for no apparent reason
  • tended to explode in flames
  • interesting
  • even minor but objectively verifiable miracles would do
  • Favorable coincidences or kind or courageous acts performed by human beings also do not meet this standard.
  • travel to every planet in the universe individually
  • compelling
  • this could still be the result of human influence
  • detailed, specific and unambiguous
  • result could be repeated and confirmed
  • multiple reliable witnesses
  • I invite all theists to respond by preparing a list of things that they would accept as proof that atheism is true.
  • glowing auras of h*** light
  • Why doesn't this happen any more today?
  • conclusive
  • proposed those ideas long ago
  • a double-blind study
  • verified by independent evidence
  • indisputable proof
  • circumstantial, not conclusive, evidence
  • a h*** text entirely without error or self-contradiction
  • extra-biblical evidence
  • I'm not interested in the testimonials of people who converted to a religion, not even if they used to be atheists.
  • to protect them from harm
  • independent of any claim
  • faith healing, or people being "slain in the Spirit" and toppling over, owes more to showmanship and the placebo effect used on eager-to-please individuals that have been worked up into highly excitable, suggestible states
  • possible to disprove
  • there must be independent verification that the piece of knowledge was written in texts that existed well before it was actually discovered by science
  • Everyone has moments of weakness in which emotion overrides logic.
  • Biblical miracles are people raising their hands and telling something impossible to happen, and it happens.
  • something so counter-intuitive that the odds against guessing at it correctly would be staggering
  • the lone success among a thousand failures
  • members of all faiths claim to have had convincing subjective experiences of the truth of that faith
  • something surprising, unlikely or unique
  • if faith healers could restore severed limbs...
  • explain what logic and evidence persuaded them
  • If you attempt to prove God's existence to me by listing the evidence for a young earth, more likely than not you'll be disappointed. (Though I'm always happy to debate the merits of evolution.)
  • “There exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or worse" (Rowe, 1979, p. 336).
  • the temporal lobes, especially the left lobe, are somehow involved in religious experience
  • what arguments and tactics are likely to be ineffective at convincing an atheist to change their mind
  • religious hallucinations associated with epilepsy
  • "An omniscient, wholly good being would prevent the occurrence of any intense suffering it could, unless it could not do so without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally as bad or worse" (Rowe, 1979, p. 336).
  • In order to leap the chasm from deism to theism; from deism to Christianity - you need to establish that Yahweh was not merely the natural evolution of Canaanite polytheism, and more importantly, rationalize how an all-powerful, all-knowing and all-good God, is compatible with pointless animal suffering.
  • case histories with hallucinations of a religious nature
  • Family religion was focused on the god of the settlement
  • "God by definition is all-powerful, all knowing and all good. If God is all-powerful, He can prevent evil. If God is all knowing and can prevent evil, He knows how to prevent it. If God is all good, He would want to prevent evil. But since there is evil God cannot exist” (Martin & Bernard, 2003, p. 316).
  • there is a profound chasm between (1) deism and (2) theism
  • The Christian God does not exist.
  • The Bible is not the Word of God.
  • The Bible is not 100% factually accurate.
  • This god was the patron of the leading family and, by extension, of the local clan and the settlement
  • the magnetic configurations, not the subjects’ exotic beliefs or suggestibility, were responsible for the experimental facilitation of sensing a presence
  • Convergence involved the coalescence of various deities and/or some of their features into the figure of Yahweh
  • The Cosmological argument, the Kalām cosmological argument, the Teleological or Design argument, and the Ontological argument - merely take you to the deists' side of the chasm.
  • Features belonging to deities such as El, Asherah, and Baal were absorbed into the Yahwistic religion of Israel.
  • religion was predominantly a matter of the family
  • speaks in tongues (glossolalia)
  • Jesus was not God.
  • “The text itself of each Gospel is anonymous and its title represents what later tradition had to say about the identity of the author … the first Gospel was put together by an unknown Christian who utilized the Gospel of Mark, the Matthean collection, and other special sources.” (Metzger, 2003, p. 114)
  • Allegiance to the clan god was concomitant with membership of the clan
  • Epicurus (341 - 270 BCE) Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?
  • "Many of the books of the New Testament are pseudonymous – written not by the apostles but by later writers claiming to be apostles" (Ehrman, 2009, pp. 5-6).
  • God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a son of man, that he should change his mind.
  • Ecclesiastes 9:5 – "For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing; they have no further reward, and even the memory of them is forgotten."
  • Religious experience can be replicated using magnetic fields
  • at least one of the gospel authors is making content up
  • “The text itself, like all the gospels, is anonymous.” (Price, 2006, p. 493)
  • At least one of the gospels is incorrect
  • seizures can also be “focal”; that is, they can remain confined largely to a single small part of the brain
  • even if both phrases were said together, he could only die immediately after one of them
  • 80% of normal people will feel a sensed presence within the room if you stimulate a person’s temporal lobes with magnetic fields
  • at least one gospel is making content up
  • they cannot both be true
  • “To refer to the author as Matthew is only a convention.” (Miller, 1995, p. 56)
  • “Like all the gospels, our so-called Matthew was originally anonymous.” (Price, 2006, p. 114)
  • if they happen to be in the limbic system, then the most striking symptoms are emotional.
  • God changed his mind
  • put to death men and women, children and infants
  • “The text itself of each Gospel is anonymous and its title represents what later tradition had to say about the identity of the author.” (Metzger, 2003, p. 114)
  • there do exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or worse” (Rowe, 1979, p. 337).
Sunny Jackson

Libertarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution
  • advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals
  • the advocacy of a government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence
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  • protecting its citizens from aggression, theft, breach of contract, and fraud
  • public assistance for the poor
  • commonly associated with those who have conservative positions on economic issues and liberal positions on social issues
Sunny Jackson

Edict of Milan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • proclaimed religious freedom in the Roman Empire
  • signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius
  • issued in AD 313
  •  
    The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense) was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious freedom in the Roman Empire.
Sunny Jackson

Validity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • In logic, an argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is logically entailed by its premises and each step in the argument is logical.
  • An argument is valid if and only if the truth of its premises entails the truth of its conclusion and each step, sub-argument, or logical operation in the argument is valid.
  • What makes this a valid argument is not that it has true premises and a true conclusion, but the logical necessity of the conclusion, given the two premises.
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  • In order for a deductive argument to be sound, the deduction must be valid and all the premises true.
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