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For years school curriculums have emphasized top-down instruction, especially for topics like math and science. Learn the rules first — the theorems, the order of operations, Newton’s laws — then make a run at the problem list at the end of the chapter. Yet recent research has found that true experts have something at least as valuable as a mastery of the rules: gut instinct, an instantaneous grasp of the type of problem they’re up against. Like the ballplayer who can “read” pitches early, or the chess master who “sees” the best move, they’ve developed a great eye.

Now, a small group of cognitive scientists is arguing that schools and students could take far more advantage of this same bottom-up ability, called perceptual learning

there’s some reason to believe that the next generation of classrooms will house less technology than many do today, while enabling learning that is far more compelling.

they are expected to graduate with the habits of mind—curiosity, skepticism, compassion, wonder—that will prepare them to be better physicians

About half of all medical knowledge becomes obsolete every five years. Every 15 years, the world’s body of scientific literature doubles.

better integration of formal knowledge and clinical experience and a learning process that is individualized, not one-size-fits-all