Animal testing in the United States is regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), passed in 1966 and amended in 1970, 1976, and 1985. [27] The AWA defines "animal" as "any live or dead dog, cat, monkey (nonhuman primate mammal), guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or such other warm blooded animal." The AWA excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, cold-blooded animals, and farm animals used for food and other purposes. [3]
Contents contributed and discussions participated by Olivia Marquis
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Alternatives to Animal Testing | Animals Used for Experimentation | The Issues | PETA - 0 views
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PETA gives many approved alternatives to the practice of aniaml testing, that allow more reliable and accurate results for these tests, such as the in vitro toxicity screening test, the 3-Din vitro human "liver, the MIMIC system, "organs on a chip", and many other experiments that can test can be tested without the use of animals.
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Types of Animal Testing - The American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) - 0 views
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This practice involves most of the test animals being killed ofr examination at the end of their testing, such as in the Dermal Penetration or Skin Sensitization tests, or dying as a part of the test, such as in the lethal dose test, or LD50. Some animals die during the experiments, as a result of all of the stresss and suffering they have had to endure. These animals do not really even have time to really live before they are killed for an experiment.
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Animal Testing - ProCon.org - 2 views
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This site offers helpful and factual information on animal testing. It says that 26 million animals are used for testing every year, both for scientific and commercial testing. It gives both sides of the argument and covers the basics of this practice. It tells who regulates this and how it is done as well.
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This definition has loopholes in that it does not include reptiles and many other animals in the descriptions, leaving a wide area for interpretation. This allows for other animals to possibly be mistreated and experimented on as well. The regulations are somewhat vague and does not control the type of experiments, which can be harmful and lethal to the animals. This essentially protects the companies and organizations from being restricted from performing some tests, which basically allows them to do whatever they wish with the animals.
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Opponents of animal testing say that it is cruel and inhumane to experiment on animals, that alternative methods available to researchers can replace animal testing, and that animals are so different from human beings that research on animals often yields irrelevant results.
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This section is accurate when it says that we believe in alternative methods. Though there are not alternative methods for many of the experiments being currently performed, there are some that can be used in place of the cruel tests that are being utilized. It is a practice that can be easily altered to lessen the pain on the animals, or even take out the use of animals altogether. This practice can yield inaccurate results due to the differences and variations between the test animals and humans that will be buying, using, and consuming these products.
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An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human use, and other biomedical, commercial, and health care uses. Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC.
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An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. [2] Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human use, and other biomedical, commercial, and health care uses. Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC.
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Aristotle believed that animals lacked intelligence, and so the notions of justice and injustice did not apply to them. Theophrastus, a successor to Aristotle, disagreed, objecting to the vivisection of animals on the grounds that, like humans, they can feel pain, and causing pain to animals was an affront to the gods. [80]
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AD), whose theories of medicine were influential throughout Europe for fifteen centuries, engaged in the public dissection of animals (including an elephant), which was a popular form of entertainment at the time.
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Roman physician and philosopher Galen (130-200
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Galen also engaged in animal vivisection in order to develop theories on human anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. [82] In one of his experiments, he demonstrated that arteries, which were believed by earlier physicians to contain air, actually contained blood.
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, he demonstrated that arteries, which were believed by earlier physicians to contain air, actually contained
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Galen believed that animal physiology was very similar to that of human beings, but despite this similarity he had little sympathy for the animals on which he experimented. Galen recommended that his students vivisect animals "without pity or compassion" and warned that the "unpleasing expression of the ape when it is being vivisected" was to be expected. [8
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English Physician William Harvey (1578-1657) discovered that the heart, and not the lungs, circulated blood throughout the body as a result of his experiments on living animals. [84, 85]
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In 1959
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Since as early as 1948, animals have been used by the US space program for testing such aspects of space travel as the effects of prolonged weightlessness. After several monkeys died in unmanned space flights carried out during the 1940s, the first monkey to survive a space flight was a monkey named Yorick, recovered alive from an Aerobee missile flight on Sep. 20, 1951. [7] The first living creature to orbit the Earth was Laika, a stray dog sent into space on the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 in Nov. 1957.
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Congress ordered the Pentagon to present a written plan to phase out live tissue training. The US Coast Guard, however, which was at the center of a 2012 scandal involving videotaped footage of goats being mutilated as part of its live tissue training program, said in May 2013 that the program will continue. [94, 95]
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In Mar. 2013, the European Union banned the import and sale of cosmetic products that use ingredients tested on animals. Some proponents of animal testing objected, arguing that some animal tests had no non-animal equivalents. A spokesman for the trade association Cosmetics Europe stated it is likely "that consumers in Europe won’t have access to new products because we can’t ensure that some ingredients will be safe without access to suitable and adequate testing."
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owth,
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hampo
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shampoo, perfume, and other so-called "non
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companies after June 2014. "Special use cosmetics," including hair regr
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-special use cosmetics" manufactured by Chinese
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hair removal, dye and permanent wave products, antiperspirant, and sunscreen, will continue to warrant mandatory animal testing. [
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Types of Animal Testing - The American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) - 0 views
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Eye Irritancy
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John H. Draize, Ph.D., a scientist at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), developed the Draize eye test in 1944 to assess eye irritation caused by various chemicals.
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The Draize eye test has been criticized for several reasons. The structure of the cornea of the eye of a rabbit differs significantly from that of a human. Rabbits also produce a smaller volume of tears than humans, allowing chemicals and other irritants placed in rabbit eyes to linger longer and cause more irritation. Not only does this make the Draize eye test unreliable, but it also adds to the immense suffering caused by this test. Finally, evaluated damage caused to the eye is highly subjective leading to a great deal of variation in results.
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Acute toxicity testing is used to determine the danger of exposure to a chemical by mouth, skin, or inhalation. For decades, acute toxicity testing meant poisoning large numbers of animals in Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests, which are conducted until at least one half of the test animals die
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. The LD50 test is conducted infrequently now as it is being replaced by several new, but still lethal, options.
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A different toxicity test is the fixed dose method, which does not use death as the endpoint for the experiment; signs of ailments or suffering will usually terminate the experiment. Other tests include the acute toxic class method and the up-and-down procedure, which typically involve the use of a smaller number of animals. However, during these tests, animals will often endure excruciating pain, convulsions, loss of motor function, and/or uncontrollable seizures. The animals are killed ay the end of the test so that a necropsy can be performed to determine internal damage.
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It is difficult to extrapolate information on human responses to chemicals based on these animal test methods because different species of animals have wide variations in their responses to chemicals.
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Unlike acute toxicity that looks at the amount of substance required to create toxic effects in one dose, repeated dose toxicity is used to evaluate chronic toxic effects, primarily effects on various organ systems, and to establish a no-observed-effect-level (NOEL).
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Chronic toxicity testing consists of oral, dermal, and inhalation subacute repeated dose studies (28-day) and subchronic repeated dose studies (90-day) in rodents. Some agencies may also require these tests to be completed in a non-rodent species such as dogs or for longer periods of time. Animals are evaluated during the test period and then killed at the end to look for signs of organ or body system damage.
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Scaling up the results of repeated dose toxicity tests from small, short-lived animals to humans is difficult and there is great variation in how chemicals are absorbed and metabolized by different species.
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Types of Animal Testing
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This source discusses the development of different types of animal testing, including eye irritancy, skin corrosivity, acutetoxicity, dermal penetration, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics and Metabolism, repeated dose toxicity, neurotoxicity, ecotoxicity, pyrogenicity, and skin sensitization. Many of these tests involve poisoning these animals and then killing them to see the results. These tests are often used for product testing for varoius organizations, but can fail due to differences between animal and human reactions to the products.
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Thsi source discusses the development of different types of animal testing, including eye irritancy, skin corrosivity, acutetoxicity, and skin sensitization. Gives names, dates and facts and how they affected the practice.
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Thsi source discusses the development of different types of animal testing, including eye irritancy, skin corrosivity, acutetoxicity, and skin sensitization. Gives names, dates and facts and how they affected the practice.
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11 Facts about Animal Testing | Do Something - 1 views
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This site talks about the labs and facts on animal testing. It informs people on what is really going on with testing, rather than what you usually hear. Probably generalized facts, made to move individuals to action.
Olivia Marquis