The Black Death 1was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history , peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , but this view has recently been challenged. Usually thought to have started in Central Asia , it had reached the Crimea by 1346 and from there, probably carried by fleas residing on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships , it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe

Arabic numeral

are the ten digits (0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9). They are descended from the Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians , by which a sequence of digits such as "975" is read as a whole number . The Indian numerals were adopted by the Persian mathematicians in India, and passed on to the Arabs further west. The numerals were modified in shape as they were passed along; developing their moder n 4Europe an shapes by the time they reached North Africa . From there they were transmitted to Europe in the Middle Ages . The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism . Today they are the most common symbolic representation of numbers in the world. 3As befitting their history, the digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and 9) are also known as Hindu or Hindu-Arabic numerals

, 2Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, partaking in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 , and subjugating the Judaea province during the Jewish rebellion of 66