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The torture appeared in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1767, when mobs attacked low-level employees of the Customs service with tar and feathers.

Approximately 10–20% of the rural population of Carolingian Europe consisted of slaves

Slavery (also called thralldom ) is a form of forced labour in which people are considered to be the property of others . Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages.

By this definition there are approximately 27 million slaves in the world today, more than at any point in history and more than twice as many as all African slaves who survived being taken to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade.[2][3][4]

the birth of slave children to slaves

Slavery was prominent presumably elsewhere in Africa long before the beginnings of the transatlantic slave trade.[69

Slavery in the United States

Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through the whole of recorded human history — as have, in various periods, movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves.

Allerton, Isaac Mary (Norris) Allerton, wife (Newbury, Berkshire)[1] Bartholomew Allerton, son (Leiden, Netherlands) Remember Allerton, daughter (Leiden, Netherlands) Mary Allerton, daughter (Leiden, Netherlands), the last survivor of the Mayflower company New International Encyclopedia Bradford, William (Austerfield, Yorkshire) Dorothy (May) Bradford, wife (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire) Brewster, William (Doncaster, Yorkshire) Mary Brewster, wife Love Brewster, son (Leiden, Netherlands) Wrestling Brewster, son (Leiden, Netherlands) Carver, John Catherine (Leggett) (White) Carver, wife (probably Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire) Chilton, James (Canterbury)[2] Mrs. Susanna Chilton, wife Mary Chilton, daughter (Sandwich, Kent) Cooke, Francis John Cooke, son (Leiden, Netherlands) Cooper, Humility - (probably Leiden, Netherlands) baby daughter of Robert Cooper, in company of her aunt Ann Cooper Tilley, wife of Edward Tilley[3] Crackstone, John (Stratford St. Mary, Suffolk) John Crackstone, son Fletcher, Moses (probably Canterbury, Kent) Fuller, Edward (Redenhall, Norfolk)[2] Mrs. Edward Fuller, wife Samuel Fuller, son Fuller, Samuel (Redenhall, Norfolk), (brother to Edward) Goodman, John Minter, Desire (Norwich, Norfolk) Priest, Degory Rogers, Thomas (Watford, Northamptonshire) Joseph Rogers, son (Watford, Northamptonshire) Sampson, Henry (Henlow, Bedfordshire) child in company of his uncle and aunt Edward and Ann Tilley[3] Tilley, Edward (Henlow, Bedfordshire) Ann (Cooper) Tilley (Henlow, Bedfordshire) wife of Edward and aunt of Humilty Cooper and Henry Sampson Tilley, John (Henlow, Bedfordshire) Joan (Hurst) (Rogers) Tilley, wife (Henlow, Bedfordshire) Elizabeth Tilley, daughter (Henlow, Bedfordshire) Tinker, Thomas Mrs. Thomas Tinker, wife boy Tinker, son Turner, John boy Turner, son boy Turner, younger son White, William Susanna (Unknown) White , wife Resolved White, son Peregrine White, son (born in Provincetown Harbor) Williams, Thomas, (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk) Winslow, Edward (Droitwich, Worcestershire) Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow, wife

Leiden Congregation and Families

Planters recruited by London merchants Billington, John (possibly Spalding, Lincolnshire) Eleanor Billington, wife John Billington, son Francis Billington, son Britteridge, Richard Browne, Peter (Dorking, Surrey) Clarke, Richard Eaton, Francis (Bristol, Avon (historic: Somerset)) Sarah Eaton, wife Samuel Eaton, son Gardiner, Richard (Harwich, Essex) Hopkins, Stephen (Upper Clatford, Hampshire) Elizabeth (Fisher) Hopkins, wife Giles Hopkins, son by first marriage (Hursley, Hampshire) Constance Hopkins, daughter by first marriage (Hursley, Hampshire) Damaris Hopkins, daughter Oceanus Hopkins, born en route Margesson, Edmund Martin, Christopher (Billericay, Essex) Mary (Prower) Martin, wife Mullins, William (Dorking, Surrey) Alice Mullins, wife Priscilla Mullins, daughter Joseph Mullins, son Prower, Solomon (Billericay, Essex) Rigsdale, John Alice Rigsdale, wife Standish, Myles (Chorley, Lancashire) Rose Standish, wife Warren, Richard (Hertford, England) Winslow, Gilbert (Droitwich, Worcestershire), brother to "Pilgrim" Edward Winslow but not known to have lived in Leiden. [edit] Men hired to stay one year Alden, John (Harwich, Essex) - considered a ship's crewman (he was the ship's cooper) but joined settlers Allerton, John, was listed as a hired man but was apparently related to one of the Pilgrim families onboard, Isaac Allerton's, who all came from Leiden. He sailed in order to settle in North America, and was to return to England to help the rest of the group immigrate, but died during the first winter of the Pilgrims' settlement. He may have been a relative of the "Pilgrim" Allerton family.[4] Ely, Richard, hired as seaman, returned to England after term was up but later returned to New England and died there. He is mentioned briefly as a sailor by name of Ely in "Of Plymouth Plantation." English, Thomas, hired to master a shallop but died in the winter Trevore, William, hired as seaman, returned to England after term was up [edit] Family servants Thirteen of the 18 people in this category were attached to Pilgrim families, the other five were attached to Non-Pilgrim families. Butten, William, age: "a youth", servant of Samuel Fuller, only person who died during the voyage Carter, Robert, age unknown, servant or apprentice to William Mullins, shoemaker. --?--, Dorothy, maidservant of John Carver. Doty, Edward, (possibly Lincolnshire) age probably about 21, servant to Stephen Hopkins Holbeck, William, age likely under 21, servant to William White Hooke, John, (probably Norwich, Norfolk) age 13, apprenticed to Isaac Allerton Howland, John (probably Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire), age about 21, manservant for Governor John Carver Lancemore, John (probably Shropshire or Worcestershire), age under 21, servant to the Christopher Martin Latham, William, age 11, servant/apprentice to the John Carver family Leister, Edward (Kensington), aged over 21, servant to Stephen Hopkins Moore, Ellen, (Shipton, Shropshire), age 8, indentured to Edward Winslow Jasper More, (Shipton, Shropshire), brother, age 7, indentured to John Carver Richard, (Shipton, Shropshire), brother, age 6, indentured to William Brewster Mary, (Shipton, Shropshire), sister, age 4, indentured to William Brewster Soule, George, servant or employee of Edward Winslow Story, Elias, age under 21, in the care of Edward Winslow Thompson, Edward, age under 21, in the care of the William White family, first passenger to die after the Mayflower reached Cape Cod. Wilder, Roger, age under 21, servant in the John Carver family

In all, there were 102 passengers on the Mayflower - 74 men and 28 women

eldest brother.[

Lawrence

Washington worked as a surveyor

George Washington

The Continental Congress appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces in 1775. The following year, he forced the British out of Boston, lost New York City, and crossed the Delaware River in New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units later that year. Because

He presided over the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 because of general dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation. Washington became President of the United States in 1789 and established many of the customs and usages of the new government's executive department. He sought to create a nation capable of surviving in a world torn asunder by war between Britain and France. His unilateral Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 provided a basis for avoiding any involvement in foreign conflicts. He supported plans to build a strong central government by funding the national debt, implementing an effective tax system, and creating a national bank. Washington avoided the temptation of war and a decade of peace with Britain began with the Jay Treaty in 1795;

Washington died in 1799. Henry Lee, delivering the funeral oration, declared Washington "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".[11] Historical scholars consistently rank him as one of the greatest United States presidents.

George Washington had a close relationship with his nephew and heir Bushrod Washington, son of George's younger brother John Augustine Washington.

A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. Washington did not wear a wig; instead, he powdered his hair,

Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle—fox hunting was a favorite leisure activity.

Washington's marriage to Martha, a wealthy widow, greatly increased his property holdings and social standing. He acquired one-third of the 18,000 acre (73 km²) Custis estate upon his marriage, and managed the remainder on behalf of Martha's children

Washington was then appointed Major General and elected by Congress to be Commander-in-chief.

Women's rights

Slave Trade

Free blacks

African slaves were brought to Spanish Florida as early as the 1560s

Most slaves were black and were held by whites,

Slaves were punished with a variety of objects and instruments. Some of these included: whips, placed in chains and shackles, various contraptions such as metal collars, being hanged, and even forced to walk a treadmill

The Whip was the most common form of punishment performed on a slave

At that time, the colonists were divided on whether to fight the French and their Indian allies for control of the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, in what came to be known as the French and Indian War. It became a symbol for the need of organized action against an outside threat posed by the French and Indians in the mid 18th century.