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FOUR-and-a-half thousand metres beneath the waves, trapped in deep-sea volcanoes and submarine canyons, the history of WA's coastline is written into the rocks.

FOUR-and-a-half thousand metres beneath the waves, trapped in deep-sea volcanoes and submarine canyons, the history of WA's coastline is written into the rocks.

An Australian voyage retracing part of the historic first International Indian Ocean Expedition expects to reveal the effects of climate change on the physics, chemistry and biology of the waters of the south-east Indian Ocean.

The Swarnamukhi river estuary (SRE), and the surrounding sea in Nellore, southeast coast of India, is one of the least studied marine environments, notably for physicochemical characteristics. Seawater samples were collected from five stations every month from 2014 to 2017 to assess physicochemical characteristics. The open sea (OS) station was significantly different from the inner stations, according to non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The variability was shown by strong factor loadings of atmospheric temperature (0.87), water temperature (0.84), biochemical oxygen demand (0.77), ammonia (0.85), and total nitrogen (0.78). Furthermore, one-way ANOVA and box-whisker plots facilitated simplifying and corroborating multivariate results that showed high concentration in the inner stations. Based on the N/P and Si/N ratios, nitrate and silicate were the key limiting factors in this study. The findings are critical for establishing reference conditions for comparison studies with other comparable ecosystems in the tropical region for better environmental conservation and management.

In the last 50 years, oxygen-deficient zones in the open ocean have increased. Scientists have attributed this development to rising global temperatures: Less oxygen dissolves in warmer water, and the tropical ocean's layers can become more stratified.