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focus on involving students in the process of learning during class.

The true essence of the flip is really to focus on the student.

Flipped classrooms are interactive— sometimes even ‘messy’—because students are working together and solving problems rather than sitting passively listening to a lecture

are also risky. Instructors relinquish a degree of control when the energy in the classroom shifts to the students

“What do the students need to DO to achieve the learning outcome?”

freshman seminar course at Penn State that he calls “Failure 101.”

“the frequency and intensity of failures is an implicit principle of the course. Getting into a creative mind-set involves a lot of trial and error.”

“As soon as someone in the class starts breaking the sticks,” he says, “it changes everything.”

“Examine what in the culture is preventing you from creating something new or different. And what is it like to look like a fool because a lot of things won’t work out and you will look foolish? So how do you handle that?”

be willing to fail but that failure is a critical avenue to a successful end.

When ideas from different fields collide, Dr. Cramond says, fresh ones are generated.

rephrasing problems as questions, learning not to instinctively shoot down a new idea (first find three positives), and categorizing problems as needing a solution that requires either action, planning or invention. A key objective is to get students to look around with fresh eyes and be curious. The inventive process, she says, starts with “How might you…”

“A lot of people can’t deal with things they don’t know and they panic

make creativity happen instead of waiting for it to bubble up. A muse doesn’t have to hit you.”

most students have unfettered access to these forbidden sites through the phones in their pockets and backpacks, on their home computers and in many public libraries – often with no adult guidance

it has to be learned in context in a supportive environment,”

(a) obscene; (b) child pornography; or (c) harmful to minors.”

defining the three measures is up to each community, creating widely varied implementation from district to district

and their answer to any requests was usually no.

Their view was that if the filter is blocking it, there’s no reason for you to see it,”

Krull implemented a teacher login system that lets staff override some blocked sites. He’s working on a similar system for students that would grant varying degrees of access depending on grade level.

nearly three times as many teachers of low-income students than those with middle- and high-income students said this lack of access was a “major challenge” in their ability “to incorporate more digital tools into their teaching.”

eliminating filters isn’t the answer to debugging the problems with CIPA.

There’s not a right or wrong; it’s a lot about community values

“It’s not if you have a filter or not, it’s really about to what degree do you filter, how do you filter?”

“Young people have a wildly inflated idea of how many things they can attend to at once

“Under most conditions, the brain simply cannot do two complex tasks at the same time. It can happen only when the two tasks are both very simple and when they don’t compete with each other for the same mental resources.

They may like to do it, they may even be addicted to it, but there’s no getting around the fact that it’s far better to focus on one task from start to finish.”

the assignment takes longer to complete

The moment of encoding is what matters most for retention

memory of what they’re working on will be impaired if their attention is divided

This ability to resist the lure of technology can be consciously cultivated,

“even if distraction does not decrease the overall level of learning, it can result in the acquisition of knowledge that can be applied less flexibly in new situations.”

leads to more mistakes

texting and using Facebook—in class and while doing homework—were negatively correlated with college students’ GPAs.

“There’s a definite possibility that we are raising a generation that is learning more shallowly than young people in the past,” he says. “The depth of their processing of information is considerably less, because of all the distractions available to them as they learn.”

academic and even professional achievement may depend on the ability to ignore digital temptations while learning

kids who were better able to delay gratification not only achieved higher grades and test scores but were also more likely to succeed in school and their careers.

hose who were interrupted more often scored worse on a test of the lecture’s content; more interestingly, those who responded to the experimenters’ texts right away scored significantly worse than those participants who waited to reply until the lecture was over.

students who used Facebook during the 15-minute observation period had lower grade-point averages than those who didn’t go on the site

“Young people’s technology use is really about quelling anxiety,” he contends. “They don’t want to miss out.

Device-checking is a compulsive behavior that must be managed, he says, if young people are to learn and perform at their best.

‘This is a time when you will concentrate on just one thing.’ ”

Just make sure when they’re doing schoolwork, the cellphones are silent, the video screens are dark, and that every last window is closed but one.