Group items tagged

Occupation starting with Letter: C 7272 Cabinetmakers 7247 Cable Television Service and Maintenance Technicians 3217 Cardiology Technologists and Electrophysiological Diagnostic Technologists, n.e.c. 7271 Carpenters 9231 Central Control and Process Operators, Mineral and Metal Processing 6321 Chefs 2134 Chemical Engineers 2211 Chemical Technologists and Technicians 2112 Chemists 3122 Chiropractors 2231 Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians 2131 Civil Engineers 6315 Cleaning Supervisors 5252 Coaches 4021 College and Other Vocational Instructors 0433 Commissioned Officers of the Canadian Forces 0431 Commissioned Police Officers 4212 Social and Community Service Workers 0213 Computer and Information Systems Managers 2281 Computer Network Technicians 2147 Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers) 2174 Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers 7282 Concrete Finishers 5132 Conductors, Composers and Arrangers 1226 Conference and Event Planners 2224 Conservation and Fishery Officers 5112 Conservators and Curators 2234 Construction Estimators 2264 Construction Inspectors 0711 Construction Managers 7311 Construction Millwrights and Industrial Mechanics 7204 Contractors and Supervisors, Carpentry Trades 7202 Contractors and Supervisors, Electrical Trades and Telecommunications 7302 Contractors and Supervisors, Heavy Equipment Operator Crews 7301 Contractors and Supervisors, Mechanic Trades 7201 Contractors and Supervisors, Metal Forming, Shaping and Erecting Trades and Related Occupations 7205 Contractors and Supervisors, Other Construction Trades, Installers, Repairers 7203 Contractors and Supervisors, Pipefitting Trades

6322 Cooks 1227 Court Officers and Justices of the Peace 1251 Court Reporters, Medical Transcriptionists and Related Occupations 7371 Crane Operators 1315 Customs, Ship and Other Brokers

Occupation starting with Letter: D 5134 Dancers 2172 Database Analysts and Data Administrators 2273 Deck Officers, Water Transport 3222 Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists 3223 Dental Technologists, Technicians and Laboratory Assistants 3113 Dentists 3221 Denturists 3132 Dietitians and Nutritionists 2253 Drafting Technologists and Technicians 7372 Drillers and Blasters - Surface Mining, Quarrying and Construction 6316 Other Services Supervisors (Dry Cleaner Supervisor) Occupation starting with Letter: E 4214 Early Childhood Educators and Assistants 4162 Economists and Economic Policy Researchers and Analysts 5122 Editors 4166 Education Policy Researchers, Consultants and Program Officers 4033 Educational Counsellors 7332 (Electrical) Appliance Servicers and Repairers 2241 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technologists and Technicians 2133 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7333 Electrical Mechanics 7244 Electrical Power Line and Cable Workers 7241 Electricians (Except Industrial and Power System) 3217 Electrophysiological Diagnostic Technologists and Cardiology Technologists 2242 Electronic Service Technicians (Household and Business Equipment) 7318 Elevator Constructors and Mechanics 4156 Employment Counsellors 2274 Engineer Officers, Water Transport 2262 Engineering Inspectors and Regulatory Officers 0211 Engineering Managers 1222 Executive Assistants 6312 Executive Housekeepers

Occupation starting with Letter: F 0714 Facility Operation and Maintenance Managers 4153 Family, Marriage and Other Related Counsellors 8252 Farm Supervisors and Specialized Livestock Workers 0811 Managers in Agriculture 5222 Film and Video Camera Operators 1112 Financial and Investment Analysts 1111 Financial Auditors and Accountants 0111 Financial Managers 1114 Financial Officers (other) 0432 Fire Chiefs and Senior Firefighting Officers 4312 Firefighters 8261 Fishing Masters and Officers 8262 Fishermen/women 7295 Floor Covering Installers 6311 Food Service Supervisors 2122 Forestry Professionals 2223 Forestry Technologists and Technicians 6346 Funeral Directors and Embalmers

Occupation starting with Letter: G 7253 Gas Fitters 2212 Geological and Mineral Technologists and Technicians 2144 Geological Engineers 2113 Geoscientists and Oceanographers 7292 Glaziers 0412 Government Managers - Economic Analysis, Policy Development 0413 Government Managers - Education Policy Development and Program Administration 0411 Government Managers - Health and Social Policy Development and Program Administration 6221 Technical Sales Specialists - Wholesale Trade 5223 Graphic Arts Technicians 5241 Graphic Designers and Illustrators Occupation starting with Letter: H 6341 Hairstylists and Barbers 3011 Nursing Co-ordinators and Supervisors 4165 Health Policy Researchers, Consultants and Program Officers 7312 Heavy-Duty Equipment Mechanics 0112 Human Resources Managers Occupation starting with Letter: I 1228 Immigration, Employment Insurance, Border Services and Revenue Officers 2141 Industrial and Manufacturing Engineers 2252 Industrial Designers 7242 Industrial Electricians 2233 Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technologists and Technicians 2243 Industrial Instrument Technicians and Mechanics 2171 Information Systems Analysts and Consultants 2263 Inspectors in Public and Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Safety 4216 Instructors (other) 4215 Instructors of Persons with Disabilities 7293 Insulators 1312 Insurance Adjusters and Claims Examiners 6231 Insurance Agents and Brokers 1313 Insurance Underwriters 0121 Insurance, Real Estate and Financial Brokerage Managers 5242 Interior Designers and Interior Decorators 7236 Ironworkers Occupation starting with Letter: J 6344 Jewellers, Watch Repairers and Related Occupations 5123 Journalists 4111 Judges 1227 Justices of the Peace and Court Officers

Occupation starting with Letter:L 2254 Land Survey Technologists and Technicians 2154 Land Surveyors 2225 Landscape and Horticultural Technicians and Specialists 2152 Landscape Architects 8255 Landscaping and Grounds Maintenance Contractors and Managers 4112 Lawyers and Quebec Notaries 1242 Legal Administrative Assistants 0011 Legislators 5111 Librarians 5211 Library and Public Archive Technicians 0511 Library, Archive, Museum and Art Gallery Managers 3233 Licensed Practical Nurses 6235 Financial Sales Representative 8241 Logging Machinery Operators Occupation starting with Letter: M 7316 Machine Fitters 7231 Machinists and Machining and Tooling Inspectors 0512 Managers - Publishing, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting and Performing Arts 0311 Managers in Health Care 0414 Managers in Public Administration (other) 0423 Managers in Social, Community and Correctional Services 0911 Manufacturing Managers 2255 Technical occupations in Geomatics and Meteorology 2161 Mathematicians, Statisticians and Actuaries 2232 Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians 2132 Mechanical Engineers 3212 Medical Laboratory Technicians and Pathologists Assistants 3211 Medical Laboratory Technologists 3215 Medical Radiation Technologists 1243 Medical Administrative Assistants 3216 Medical Sonographers 3219 Medical Technologists and Technicians (other - except Dental Health) 2142 Metallurgical and Materials Engineers 2213 Technical Occupations in Geomatics and Meteorology 2114 Meteorologists and Climatologists 3232 Practitioners of Natural Healing 2143 Mining Engineers 4154 Professional Occupations in Religion 5226 Motion Pictures, Broadcasting (other Technical and Co-ordinating Occupations) 7322 Motor Vehicle Body Repairers 7334 Motorcycle, All-terrain Vehicle and Other Related Mechanics 5212 Museums and Art Galleries (related Technical Occupations) 5133 Musicians and Singers

Occupation starting with Letter: N 4161 Natural and Applied Science Policy Researchers, Consultants and Program Officers 2261 Non-destructive Testers and Inspectors 0822 Managers in Horticulture

Occupation starting with Letter: O 3143 Occupational Therapists 8232 Oil and Gas Well Drillers, Servicers, Testers and Related Workers 7331 Oil and Solid Fuel Heating Mechanics 3231 Opticians 3121 Optometrists Occupation starting with Letter:P 7294 Painters and Decorators (except Interior Decorators) 5136 Painters, Sculptors and Other Visual Artists 9433 Papermaking and Finishing Machine Operators 4211 Paralegal and Related Occupations 5245 Patternmakers - Textile, Leather and Fur Products 5232 Performers (other) 1223 Personnel and Recruitment Officers 2145 Petroleum Engineers 9232 Petroleum, Gas and Chemical Process Operators 3131 Pharmacists 5221 Photographers 2115 Physical Sciences (Other Professional Occupations) 3112 Physicians - General Practitioners and Family Physicians 3111 Physicians - Specialist 2111 Physicists and Astronomers 3142 Physiotherapists 7252 Pipefitters 7284 Plasterers, Drywall Installers and Finishers and Lathers 7251 Plumbers 6261 Police Officers (Except Commissioned) 0132 Postal and Courier Services Managers 4122 Post-Secondary Teaching and Research Assistants 7243 Power System Electricians 7352 Power Systems and Power Station Operators 0811 Primary Production Managers (Except Agriculture) 7381 Printing Press Operators 4155 Probation and Parole Officers and Related Occupations 5131 Producers, Directors, Choreographers and Related Occupations 2148 Professional Engineers, n.e.c. (other) 1122 Professional Occupations in Business Services to Management 5124 Professional Occupations in Public Relations and Communications 4121 Professors - University 5254 Program Leaders and Instructors in Recreation and Sport 4168 Program Officers Unique to Government 1224 Property Administrators 4151 Psychologists 9233 Pulping Control Operators 1225 Purchasing Agents and Officers 0113 Purchasing Managers

Occupation starting with Letter: R 7361 Railway and Yard Locomotive Engineers 7314 Railway Carmen/women 7362 Railway Conductors and Brakemen/women 2275 Railway Traffic Controllers and Marine Traffic Regulators 6232 Real Estate Agents and Salespersons 0513 Recreation and Sports Program and Service Directors 4167 Recreation, Sports and Fitness Program Supervisors Consultants 7313 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Mechanics 3152 Registered Nurses 4217 Religious Occupations (other) 0712 Residential Home Builders and Renovators 3214 Respiratory Therapists, Clinical Perfusionists and Cardio-Pulmonary Technologists 0631 Restaurant and Food Service Managers 6233 Retail and Wholesale Buyers 0621 Retail Trade Managers 6211 Retail Trade Supervisors 7291 Roofers and Shinglers

Occupation starting with Letter: S 0611 Sales, Marketing and Advertising Managers 0313 School Principals and Administrators of Elementary and Secondary 1241 Secretaries (Except Legal and Medical) 1113 Securities Agents, Investment Dealers and Brokers 0012 Senior Government Managers and Officials 0013 Senior Managers - Financial, Communications and Other Business 0016 Senior Managers - Goods Production, Utilities, Transportation and Construction 0014 Senior Managers - Health, Education, Social and Community 0015 Senior Managers - Trade, Broadcasting and Other Services, n.e.c. 6216 Service Supervisors (other) 0651 Services Managers (other) 7261 Sheet Metal Workers 7343 Shoe Repairers and Shoemakers 7335 Small Engine and Equipment Mechanics (other) 4164 Social Policy Researchers, Consultants and Program Officers 4169 Social Science, n.e.c. (Other Professional Occupations) 4152 Social Workers 2173 Software Engineers 1121 Specialists in Human Resources 5253 Sports Officials and Referees 7252 Sprinkler System Installers 7351 Stationary Engineers and Auxiliary Equipment Operators 7252 Steamfitters, Pipefitters and Sprinkler System Installers 7263 Structural Metal and Platework Fabricators and Fitters 9223 Supervisors, Electrical Products Manufacturing 9222 Supervisors, Electronics Manufacturing 9225 Supervisors, Fabric, Fur and Leather Products Manufacturing 1212 Supervisors, Finance and Insurance Clerks 9213 Supervisors, Food, Beverage and Tobacco Processing 9215 Supervisors, Forest Products Processing 9224 Supervisors, Furniture and Fixtures Manufacturing 1211 Supervisors, General Office and Administrative Support Clerks 8256 Supervisors, Landscape and Horticulture 1213 Supervisors, Library, Correspondence and Related Information Clerks

8211 Supervisors, Logging and Forestry 7211 Supervisors, Machinists and Related Occupations 1214 Supervisors, Mail and Message Distribution Occupations 9211 Supervisors, Mineral and Metal Processing 8221 Supervisors, Mining and Quarrying 7222 Supervisors, Motor Transport and Other Ground Transit Operators 9221 Supervisors, Motor Vehicle Assembling 8222 Supervisors, Oil and Gas Drilling and Service 9226 Supervisors, Other Mechanical and Metal Products Manufacturing 9227 Supervisors, Other Products Manufacturing and Assembly 9212 Supervisors, Petroleum, Gas and Chemical Processing and Utilities 9214 Supervisors, Plastic and Rubber Products Manufacturing 7218 Supervisors, Printing and Related Occupations 7221 Supervisors, Railway Transport Operations 1215 Supervisors, Recording, Distributing and Scheduling Occupations 9216 Supervisors, Textile Processing 5227 Support Occupations in Motion Pictures, Broadcasting and the Performing Arts 2283 Systems Testing Technicians

Occupation starting with Letter: T 7342 Tailors, Dressmakers, Furriers and Milliners 4142 Teachers - Elementary School and Kindergarten 4141 Teachers - Secondary School 6221 Technical Sales Specialists - Wholesale Trade 0131 Telecommunication Carriers Managers 7246 Telecommunications Installation and Repair Workers 7245 Telecommunications Line and Cable Workers 7317 Textile Machinery Mechanics and Repairers 5243 Theatre, Fashion, Exhibit and Other Creative Designers 3144 Therapy and Assessment (Other Professional Occupations) 3235 Therapy and Assessment (other Technical Occupations) 7283 Tilesetters 7232 Tool and Die Makers 7383 Trades and Related Occupations (other) 5125 Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters 0713 Transportation Managers

Occupation starting with Letter: U 8231 Underground Production and Development Miners 7341 Upholsterers 2153 Urban and Land Use Planners 2282 User Support Technicians 0912 Utilities Managers Occupation starting with Letter: V 3114 Veterinarians 3213 Veterinary and Animal Health Technologists and Technicians Occupation starting with Letter: W 7373 Water Well Drillers 2175 Web Designers and Developers 7265 Welders and Related Machine Operators

Under GATS professionals may only work in Canada for a period of 90 days in any 12 month period

Spouses Spouses (including common-law partners) of temporary foreign workers can apply for a work permit without a confirmation from HRSDC, provided that the principal applicant is authorized by a work permit to work in Canada for at least six months. Initial this category was only available for spouses of skilled workers but recently it has been expanded to cover spouses of any temporary worker. The spouse of a temporary worker may apply for an open work permit, which allows the spouse to accept almost any job. The spouse's work permit will expire when the principal applicant's work permit expires.

As a general rule, a person who is not a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident must hold a valid work permit in order to work in Canada. Work permits are issued by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (“CIC”). Further, as a general rule, prior to the CIC issuing a work permit, the employer must receive a confirmation of employment from Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (“HRSDC”). This confirmation of employment is referred to as a “Labour Market Opinion” (“LMO”).

Foreign workers may also require a temporary resident visa to work in Canada; however, citizens and permanent residents of the U.S. are exempt from this requirement.

Under Canadian immigration law, it is the worker who must apply for and receive the work permit.

foreign worker must submit to CIC a copy of the HRSDC confirmation of employment and a detailed description of the employment offer (provided by the employer). There is a non-refundable fee of C$150 for processing an application for an individual work permit.

worker may apply for a work permit before entering Canada, at a port of entry or from inside Canada, depending on the worker's status

Generally, temporary foreign workers must apply for a work permit before departing for Canada, although the actual work permit will be printed and given to the foreign worker at the port of entry when he/she enters Canada.

If the foreign worker is from the U.S. or if the foreign worker does not need a temporary resident visa to visit Canada and an exemption is available from the requirement to obtain a confirmation of employment

the foreign worker is prohibited from applying for a work permit until his or her arrival at a port of entry.

If the applicant has been working in Canada for at least three months under an exemption, other than as a business visitor, but wants a permit to accept another job the foreign worker can apply for a work permit while already located in Canada

The worker is expected to abide by the terms and conditions set out in the work permit. Work permits are valid only for a specified job, employer and time period. However, workers can apply to the CIC to modify or extend their work permit. An application to extend a work permit should be made at least 3 months prior to the permit's expiry.

It is currently taking CIC over 117 days to process an application to renew or to change the terms and conditions of entry to Canada

Once the application is submitted the foreign worker can continue in employment pending approval of the extension, as long as they remain in Canada while that application is pending.

If the employer dismisses the foreign worker, the employee must apply to change their status to a visitor or find a new employer and apply to change the work permit to that new employer. There is no positive obligation on any employer to report the change in employment status to Immigration

Confirmation of Employment As a prerequisite to issuing a work permit, an immigration officer will generally require a Labour Market Opinion or a "confirmation of employment" from HRSDC. An employer who wishes to hire a temporary foreign worker is responsible for having the job offer validated by HRSDC. HRSDC will base its confirmation of employment on the following factors:

guidelines introduced by Service Canada for minimal recruitment efforts are as follows and are strictly adhered to:

NOC O and A Occupations You will have conducted the minimum advertising efforts required if you: • Conduct recruitment activities consistent with the practice within the occupation (e.g., advertise on recognized Internet job sites, in journals, newsletters or national newspapers or by consulting unions or professional associations); or • Advertise on the national Job Bank (or the equivalent in Newfoundland and Labrador, Saskatchewan or the Northwest Territories) for a minimum of fourteen (14) calendar days, during the three (3) months prior to applying for a LMO

If HRSDC is satisfied that the employment offer to a foreign national will not adversely impact the Canadian labour market, it will issue a confirmation of employment or LMO to the employer and enter the confirmation of employment into a database that can be accessed by immigration officials.

The employer then generally sends the foreign worker a copy of the LMO, as well as a detailed employment offer to be presented to immigration officials when the worker applies for his/her work permit at an overseas Canadian Consulate or upon the worker's arrival at a port of entry, if the worker is coming from a country that is visa exempt. Upon receipt of the HRSDC confirmation, immigration officials will decide if the foreign worker otherwise qualifies for a work permit.

confirmation process through HRSDC is a distinct stage from that of the work permit issuance by CIC. Currently the processing time at HRSDC is estimated at 3 to 5 weeks after receipt of acknowledgement of the application. Acknowledgements of receipt are currently taking 2 to 3 weeks.

Workers who require a work permit but not a confirmation of employment include those who are found to provide a significant benefit to Canada, spouses of temporary foreign workers, information technology workers, graduate students under a specialized work program and those who qualify for exemptions under NAFTA and GATS.

a 4 year cap on LMOs and an expiry date so foreign workers must rely on it within 6 months of issue or new recruiting efforts will be required.

Medical/Allied Professional Dentist D.D.S., D.M.D., Doctor en Odontologia or Doctor en Cirugia Dental; or state/provincial license Dietitian Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree; or state/provincial license Medical Laboratory Technologist (Canada)/Medical Technologist (Mexico and the United States)6 Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree; or Post-Secondary Diploma or Post-Secondary Certificate, and three years experience Nutritionist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Occupational Therapist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree; or state/provincial license Pharmacist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree; or state/provincial license Physician (teaching or research only) M.D. or Doctor en Medicina; or state/provincial license Physiotherapist/Physical Therapist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree; or state/provincial license Psychologist State/provincial license; or Licenciatura Degree Recreational Therapist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Registered Nurse State/provincial license; or Licenciatura Degree Veterinarian D.V.M., D.M.V. or Doctor en Veterinaria; or state/provincial license

Scientist Agriculturist (including Agronomist) Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Animal Breeder Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Animal Scientist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Apiculturist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Astronomer Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Biochemist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Biologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Chemist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Dairy Scientist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Entomologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Epidemiologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Geneticist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Geologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Geochemist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Geophysicist (including Oceanographer in Mexico and the United States) Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Horticulturist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Meteorologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Pharmacologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Physicist (including Oceanographer in Canada) Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Plant Breeder Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Poultry Scientist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Soil Scientist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Zoologist Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree    

Teacher College Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree Seminary Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree University Baccalaureate or Licenciatura Degree  

Foreign Credential Recognition Program aims to improve the integration of internationally trained workers into the workforce. The Program provides funding to and works with the provinces and territories and with stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, post-secondary institutions, sector councils and employers, to implement projects that facilitate the assessment and recognition of qualifications acquired in other countries.

Foreign Credentials Referral Office (FCRO)

help internationally trained workers receive the information, path-finding and referral services, in Canada and overseas, to have their credentials assessed quickly so they can find work faster in the fields for which they have been trained. The FCRO works with federal, provincial and territorial partners, as well as foreign credential assessment and recognition bodies, to strengthen foreign credential recognition processes across the country. Internet services for internationally trained workers can be found on the FCRO website at www.credentials.gc.ca .

Alan Blinder, a former vice-chairman of the US Federal Reserve, has estimated that a quarter of all American service sector jobs could go overseas.

Western neoliberal "flat earthers" (after Thomas Friedman's book) believed jobs would migrate overseas in an orderly fashion. Some skilled work might eventually leave but, they argued, it would make space for new industries, requiring yet higher skills and paying better wages. Only highly educated westerners would be capable of the necessary originality and adaptability. Developing countries would obligingly wait for us to innovate in new areas before trying to compete.

But why shouldn't developing countries leapfrog the west? Asia now produces more scientists and engineers than the EU and the US put together. By 2012, on current trends, the Chinese will patent more inventions than any other nation.

t suggests neoliberals made a second, perhaps more important error. They assumed "knowledge work" would always entail the personal autonomy, creativity and job satisfaction to which the middle classes were accustomed. They did not understand that, as the industrial revolution allowed manual work to be routinised, so in the electronic revolution the same fate would overtake many professional jobs. Many "knowledge skills" will go the way of craft skills. They are being chopped up, codified and digitised. Every high street once had bank managers who used their discretion and local knowledge to decide which customers should receive loans. Now software does the job. Human judgment is reduced to a minimum, which explains why loan applicants are often denied because of some tiny, long-forgotten overdue payment

Digital Taylorism makes jobs easier to export but, crucially, changes the nature of much professional work. Aspirant graduates face the prospect not only of lower wages, smaller pensions and less job security than their parents enjoyed but also of less satisfying careers. True, every profession and company will retain a cadre of thinkers and decision-makers at the top – perhaps 10% or 15% of the total – but the mass of employees, whether or not they hold high qualifications, will perform routine functions for modest wages. Only for those with elite qualifications from elite universities (not all in Europe or America) will education deliver the promised rewards.

The effects of the financial squeeze and deficit reduction programme will threaten much more than this government's survival. We shall see, in all probability, a permanent reduction in British living standards that can't be arrested by educational reform. Neoliberalism, already badly dented by the financial meltdown, will be almost entirely discredited. Governments will then need to rethink their attitudes to education, inequality and the state's economic role.

first category includes millions of the best jobs America has ever seen: high-pay, high-skill jobs in knowledge-based professional and creative fields. Almost a third of American workers now have these kinds of jobs, which pay more than double most manufacturing jobs and which have been rather impervious to unemployment.

When unemployment among production workers climbed to more than 15 percent and surged above 20 percent for construction workers, unemployment among professional, technical and creative workers never got much above five percent.

the second category, which comprises such routine service work as personal care assistants and home health care aids, retail sales clerks, and food preparers -- is not so good. In fact, the pay for these jobs is roughly half that of manufacturing jobs. The result is as simple as it is tragic: a startling bifurcation of the job market and an increasingly unequal and divided society. Once we see this, it becomes clear that neither of the two most commonly cited prescriptions -- the counter-cyclical approach to job creation by boosting investment and demand, or the path of educating more people for higher-paying knowledge-based jobs -- can work.

A successful jobs strategy must focus centrally on upgrading the content and improving the wages of this entire job category. That is what happened a century ago, when public policy shifted to protect workers' rights and line jobs in manufacturing, once considered dirty and dangerous and impossible to upgrade, became high-paid work.

service work and service workers are not just a necessary cost of doing business, part of the overhead, but a potential profit center. Service workers can produce real value and there's no reason that they can't have real careers.

make the upgrading of service jobs a key prong of America's next great job machine.

Most service firms are smaller, mom-and-pop operations. To bring them into the 21stcentury, the administration should develop strategies to help these smaller firms learn the advantages of seeing workers as sources of innovation and productivity gains.

This could be a modest, low cost public-private partnership, involving universities, community colleges, and industry groups, modeled perhaps along the lines of the old Agricultural and Manufacturing Extension programs. The administration should also consider using incentives to encourage companies to upgrade service jobs, which would have the added benefit of improving the overall productivity of the highly fragmented service sector -- the last great frontier of inefficiency in advanced economies -- lifting the productivity of the economy overall, while boosting wages and lifting consumer demand.

This wouldn't come for free. All of us would have to pay a little more to the people who clean our homes, take care of our kids and aging parents, cut our hair, and sell us our clothes. This is exactly what we did a half century ago to spur recovery, when we agreed to pay more to the workers who made our cars and appliances and were building our homes. The costs are so modest and widely spread that they are unlikely to derail any recovery. And the payoffs in terms of productivity gains and increased demand are surely worth it.

“We have more than 450 employees who have had 30-plus year careers with us and who are still employed with us. Many of Syncrude’s senior employees are pioneers in the oilsands industry, and they have invaluable knowledge to share, and this helps attract young professionals who are starting out in their careers,” she said.