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Assessment practices have started to change over the last several years with teachers building a larger repertoire of assessment tools and strategies. There is a greater understanding of the importance of timely assessments for learning as well as regular assessments of learning. One type of assessment that has been shown to raise students' achievement significantly is student self-assessment (Black & William, 1998; Chappuis & Stiggins, 2002; Rolheiser & Ross, 2001; White & Frederiksen, 1998).

The standards represent clear expectations about what all teachers should know and be able to do if they are going to improve achievement for our next generation of students.

Teachers' level of confidence about ability to promote learning can depend on past experiences or on the school culture. Principals can help develop a sense of efficacy for individual teachers and for the entire school.