he was in charge of the development of ejection
seats
ired as a safety engineer for AB Volvo
in Gothenburg, Sweden.
. Safety belts were in use at the time, but
the most prevalent design used a single strap with a buckle
over the stomach. This design risked injury to body organs
in high-speed crashes.
Really good information and details on what happened while Nils Bohlin was inventing the three-point seat belt.
Bohlin aimed to find an alternative design that would not
only protect both the upper and lower body, but would also
be comfortable and simple to use.
The
design held both the upper and lower body in place, and was
simple enough that the driver could buckle up with one hand.
In 1958, Bohlin was h
by
1963 all Volvos came equipped with front seat belts, and the
company decided to make the design free for use by all car
makers.
In 1959, Volvo became the first auto maker to introduce Bohlin’s
three-point safety belt design.
The report claimed that the belt had already saved thousands
of lives, reducing the risk of injury or death in car accidents
by as much as 75 percent.
It persuaded a number
of other national governments to do the same
Since its introduction, the three-point shoulder/lap safety
belt has changed very little in its overall design.
As of today, the
U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates
the belts reduce the risk of deaths in car crashes by at least
45 percent.
Bohlin retired from Volvo in 1985.
In 1974 Bohlin was awarded The Ralph H. Isbrandt Automotive
Safety Engineering Award.
honored in 1979 and in 1985
by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington,
D.C. In 1995, he received a medal from the Royal Swedish Academy
of Engineering Sciences. In 2002, he was inducted into the
(U.S.) National Inventors Hall of Fame. On the day he was
to be honored for this achievement, Bohlin died at age 82.
its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin for Swedish manufacturer Volvo—who introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment.
A seat belt, also known as a safety belt, is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop.
reduce the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision
positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if the vehicle rolls over.
Nils Bohlin of Sweden is credited with creating the first modern three-point safety belt. Bohlin's belt, which combined both lap and shoulder straps, was first used in Volvos in the late 1950s
A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits it on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action.
Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually (via the use of a Pasteur pipette or syringe), or via an internal filling mechanism which creates suction (for example, through a piston mechanism) to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges. A fountain pen needs little or no pressure to write.
liest historical record of a reservoir pen dates to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the caliph of the Maghreb, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib, which could be held upside-down without leaking, as recorded i
In 1828 Josiah Mason improved a cheap, efficient slip-in nib in Birmingham, England, which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830, with the invention of a new machine, William
was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1663 Samuel Pepys referred to a metal pen "to carry ink".[2] Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson (1862–1933) documented a reference to "three silver fountain pens, worth 15 shillings" in England during the reign of Charles II, ca. 1649–1685.[3] By the early 1
1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of
way to mass manufacture robus
steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and -women were employed in the
previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.
These were sold worldwide to many wh
industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected, enabling the city's factories
mid-19th century
most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent on May 25, 1827 for the invention of a fountain pen with a barrel made from a large swan quill.[6] In 1848 American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with "a combined holder and nib".[7][8] From the 1850s there
was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen patents and pens in production. However, it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain pen became a widely popular writing instrument. Those were the iridium-tipped gold nib, hard rubber, and free-flowing ink.
Waterman 42 Safety Pen, with variation in materials (both red and black rubbers) and retracting nibs.
The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850
The ear
n Kitab al-Majalis wa
'l-musayarat, by Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (d. 974).[1] No details of the construction or mechanism of operation of this pen are known, and no examples have survived.