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garzat5774

How birds fly | Sciencelearn Hub - 0 views

sciencelearn.org.nz/...How-birds-fly

birds

shared by garzat5774 on 03 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • Birds have many physical features, besides wings, that work together to enable them to fly. They need lightweight, streamlined, rigid structures for flight. The four forces of flight – weight, lift, drag and thrust – affect the flight of birds.
  • Flying birds have: lightweight, smooth feathers – this reduces the forces of weight and drag a beak, instead of heavy, bony jaws and teeth – this reduces the force of weight an enlarged breastbone called a sternum for flight muscle attachment – this helps with the force of thrust light bones – a bird’s bones are basically hollow with air sacs and thin, tiny cross pieces to make bones stronger – this reduces the force of weight a rigid skeleton to provide firm attachments for powerful flight muscles – this helps with the force of thrust a streamlined body – this helps reduce the force of drag wings – these enable the force of lift.
  • WingsThe shape of a bird’s wing is important for producing lift. The increased speed over a curved, larger wing area creates a longer path of air. This means the air is moving more quickly over the top surface of the wing, reducing air pressure on the top of the wing and creating lift. Also, the angle of the wing (tilted) deflects air downwards, causing a reaction force in the opposite direction and creating lift.Larger wings produce greater lift than smaller wings. So smaller-winged birds (and planes) need to fly faster to maintain the same lift as those with larger wings.Wing loading tells you how fast a bird or plane must fly to be able to maintain lift: wing loading = weight/wing area (kilograms per square metre).A smaller wing loading number means the bird/plane can fly more slowly while still maintaining lift and is more manoeuvrable.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • GlidingWhen a bird is gliding, it doesn’t have to do any work. The wings are held out to the side of the body and do not flap. As the wings move through the air, they are held at a slight angle, which deflects the air downwards and causes a reaction in the opposite direction, which is lift. But there is also drag (air resistance) on the bird’s body, so every now and then, the bird has to tilt forward and go into a slight dive so that it can maintain forward speed.
  • SoaringSoaring flight is a special kind of glide in which the bird flies in a rising air current (called a thermal). Because the air is rising, the bird can maintain its height relative to the ground. The albatross uses this type of soaring to support its multi-year voyages at sea.
  • FlappingBirds’ wings flap with an up-and-down motion. This propels them forward. The entire wingspan has to be at the right angle of attack, which means the wings have to twist (and do so automatically) with each downward stroke to keep aligned with the direction of travel.
  • Birds obtain thrust by using their strong muscles and flapping their wings. Some birds may use gravity (for example, jumping from a tree) to give them forward thrust for flight. Others may use a running take-off from the ground.
  • Different birds have different adaptive features to meet their flight needs: Some birds are small and can manipulate their wings and tail to manoeuvre easily, such as the fantail (pīwakawaka). The hawk, with its large wingspan, is capable of speed and soaring. Gannets and seabirds are streamlined to dive at high speeds into the ocean for fish. Godwits, although small, are equipped to fly long distances.
    • garzat5774
      garzat5774 on 03 Dec 14
       
      birds have some chacteristics that help them fly, birds are light weighted they have light feathers insted of heavy ones that add more weight to their bodys, they also have a beak insted of jaws that also add weight to their boddys, thay have hollow bones in their body that means that the bone has nothing inside it
    • garzat5774
      garzat5774 on 03 Dec 14
       
      birds get ready to fly by flapping their wings, some birds use "gravity" to take of some run and they jump just like an airplane and others jump from a tree and then start flapping their winds
mijares5812

Solving the Problems of Flight - Wright Brothers National Memorial (U.S. National Park ... - 0 views

www.nps.gov/...solvingtheproblemsofflight.htm

solving problems flight national wright brothers memorial

shared by mijares5812 on 31 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • mijares5812 on 31 Oct 14
     
    Solving the Problems of Flight
mijares5812

How planes work | the science of flight - Explain that Stuff - 0 views

www.explainthatstuff.com/howplaneswork.html

flight science planes stuff

shared by mijares5812 on 31 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • If you've ever watched a jet plane taking off or coming in to land, the first thing you'll have noticed is the noise of the engines. Jet engines, which are long metal tubes burning a continuous rush of fuel and air, are far noisier (and far more powerful) than traditional propeller engines. You might think engines are the key to making a plane fly, but you'd be wrong. Things can fly quite happily without engines, as gliders (planes with no engines), paper planes, and indeed gliding birds readily show us.
    • mijares5812
      mijares5812 on 04 Nov 14
       
      when your on a plane and you hear the engine you big and powerful the only way that  we fly well... no a bunch of other types of planes fly without engines Gliders that have no engine and birds they are no machine they just glide
    • mijares5812
      mijares5812 on 04 Nov 14
       
      the real ways airplanes fly are thanks to the 4 forces the lift from the wings the thrust from the engines the gravity and the drag which  drag the plane to a certain direction
mijares5812

Dynamics of Flight - 0 views

www.grc.nasa.gov/...dynamicsofflight.html

dynamics flight

shared by mijares5812 on 31 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top of the wing. When air moves faster, the pressure of the air decreases. So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the pressure on the bottom of the wing. The difference in pressure creates a force on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air.
    • mijares5812
      mijares5812 on 05 Nov 14
       
      the high pressure air bellow the wing pushes the plane up into the sky while the pressure in the top of the Airfoil is low which allows the high pressure to lift the plane up
jaime5789

BBC Nature - Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds - 0 views

www.bbc.co.uk/28563682

shared by jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • Huge meat-eating, land-living dinosaurs evolved into birds by constantly shrinking for over 50 million years, scientists have revealed.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Gigantic dinosaurs evolved into the small birds we know today! Scientists think that dinosaurs evolved into birds, now people also think that dinosaurs used to have feathers! Big meat eating dinosaurs such as the Spinosaurus and T-Rex may have evolved into the modern birds we know today! 
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Gigantic dinosaurs evolved into the small birds that we see today! Scientists think that dinosaurs evolved into birds, now people also think that dinosaurs used to have feathers! Big meat eating dinosaurs such as the Spinosaurus and T-Rex may have evolved into the modern birds we know today! 
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Gigantic dinosaurs such as the Spinosaurus and T-Rex evolved into the small birds that we see today. Scientists think that dinosaurs evolved into birds, now people also think that dinosaurs used to have feathers! 
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      New Paraphrase: Did you know that dinosaurs, such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex and the fearsome Velociraptor became smaller, and after 50 million years, we now think that... 
  • Previous work has shown that theropod dinosaurs, the dinosaur group which included Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor and gave rise to modern birds, must have decreased in size at some point in their evolution into small, agile flyers.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Now, work has shown that two legged dinosaurs including T-Rex and the fearsome Velociraptor gave birth to the birds we see today!
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      The University of Adelaide, wonders a lot about dinosaurs... They found out that dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus and Utahraptor made the birds we know today! 
  • But size changes frequently occurred in dinosaur evolution, so the research team members, led by Mike Lee, from the University of Adelaide, Australia, wanted to find out if the dramatic size reduction associated with the origin of birds was unique. They also wanted to measure the rate of evolution in dinosaurs using a large data set
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Research indicates that dinosaurs constantly changed, the University of Adelaide wants to find out what makes the gigantic size changes? They found out that the evolution by dinosaur is unique and amazing! 
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      The University of Adelaide also wants to measure the the frequency of dinosaur evolution!
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      The U.O.A (University Of Adelaide) wonders, "how can something so big turn into something so small?" this is due to new eras, and the evolution of dinosaurs & birds!
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • They found that the dinosaur group directly related to birds shrank rapidly from about 200 million years ago.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 04 Nov 14
       
      Scientists found out that a dinosaur species related to birds shrank in a short time and probably turned into the birds we know today! 
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      Dinosaur species related to birds, shrank in a short period of time! We know believe that they turned into the birds that we're familiar with today! 
  • Theropods shrunk 12 times from 163kg (25st 9lb) to 0.8kg (1.8lb), before becoming modern birds.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      Really big dinosaurs started shrinking and their weight decreased slowly..
  • The researchers found theropods were the only dinosaurs to get continuously smaller.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      Scientists now know that the two-legged dinosaur species were the dinosaurs that frequently got smaller! 
  • From this analysis they produced a detailed family tree mapping out the transformation of theropods to their bird descendants.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      We now predit that the two-legged dinosaurs transformed into birds!
  • It traces evolving adaptations and changing body size over time and across dinosaur branches.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      We now think that dinosaurs adapted into transforming into birds little by little! 
  • The researchers concluded that the evolution of the branch of dinosaurs leading to birds was more innovative than other dinosaur lineages.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 05 Nov 14
       
      We conclude that, dinosaurs probably changed into birds! 
  • this sustained shrinking and accelerated evolution of smaller and smaller body size allowed the ancestors of birds to develop traits which helped them to cope much better than their less evolved dinosaur relatives.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      Dinosaurs were getting smaller they developed traits to survive. 
  • The researchers believe that miniaturisation and the development of bird-like traits had a joint influence on the evolution of the dinosaurs into today's birds. Professor Michael Benton, from the University of Bristol's school of earth sciences, said: "This study means we can't see the origin of birds as a sudden or dramatic event, with a dinosaur becoming a powered flyer overnight. "The functions of each special feature of birds changed over time - feathers first for insulation, and later co-opted for flight; early reductions in body size perhaps for other reasons, and later they were small enough for powered flight; improvements in sense of sight and enlargement of brain - even a small improvement in these is advantageous. "So perhaps it's a long-term trend associated with deputation to a new set of habitats, in the trees, to avoid predation, and to exploit new food resources."
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      Researchers now think that the shrinking of the dinosaurs was what developed dinosaurs into todays birds! Professor Michael from the University of Bristol says that we can't study the era of birds, just like that...
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      This is a long process that didn't just happen like that, you sleep, you wake up and you're a bird, no! Its a very difficult process! 
  • "Birds evolved through a unique phase of sustained miniaturisation in dinosaurs," Mr Lee said.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      Birds evolved due to the dinosaurs becoming smaller!
mijares5812

untitled - 0 views

www.brainpop.com/...flight

shared by mijares5812 on 03 Nov 14 - No Cached
touche5839

How Birds Fly: An In-Depth Journey North Lesson - 0 views

www.learner.org/...FlightLesson.html

flight birds wings

shared by touche5839 on 03 Dec 14 - Cached
  • A bird's center of gravity is the balance point between its two wings and between its head and tail. I
  • To fly well, birds must have most of their weight in their center of gravity, and very little weight in front of or behind it.
  • un into the wind, and the rush of air beneath their wings lifts them up. Others, like puffins and Peregrine Falcons, jump off cliffs and other high perches. Chimney Swifts simply let go of their chimney or other vertical perch, and fall into the air. Hummingbird wingbeats are so powerful that they can go straight up from a perched position without jumping. Songbirds, cranes, and many other species leap up on strong legs while flapping their wings, and there they go.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The reason birds can is because of the special shape of their wings. The bones of bird wing are in front, covered with a smooth layer of feathers that taper toward the back.
Eugenio Ferrara

Why Did Penguins Stop Flying? The Answer Is Evolutionary - 0 views

news.nationalgeographic.com/...e-flight-diving-swimming-wings

penguins flying

shared by Eugenio Ferrara on 07 Nov 14 - No Cached
    • Eugenio Ferrara
      Eugenio Ferrara on 07 Nov 14
       
       the penguins lost their fly oportunity they could do more things as a swimer
jaime5789

"Missing Links" Found between Birds and Dinosaurs - Scientific American - 0 views

www.scientificamerican.com/...nd-between-birds-and-dinosaurs

shared by jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • "Dinosaurs became ever more 'birdy' over time," Brusatte said, but there was no single missing link, he added. Birds and dinosaurs are like two colors in a rainbow, he said — you can recognize each, but they bleed into each other at their borders.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      Scientists think that dinosaurs and birds were connected, not only because they look alike, but because their blood is identical... 
  • The new pedigree of carnivorous dinosaur evolution is the most comprehensive one ever assembled, the researchers say. The findings show that birdlike features such as wings and feathers developed slowly over tens of millions of years.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      Dinosaurs evolved to birds, and it happened slowly, it took millions of years for dinosaurs to evolve into birds... Even though they were always changing, they grew feathers, then developed flying skills!
  • The label of "bird" is somewhat arbitrary, but scientists consider the feathered fossil Archaeopteryx to be the first of the group, Brusatte said. "What probably distinguishes birds is the ability to have powered flight," he said, though it's possible that other dinosaurs could fly too.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      We predict that  Archaeopteryx a very early bird, that looks like a dinosaur, and lives with the dinosaurs is what made the birds of today fly! 
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • the earliest birds would have been indistinguishable from their closest relatives.
    • jaime5789
      jaime5789 on 07 Nov 14
       
      The earliest birds such as Archaeopteryx were really hard identify because they were so different compared to the birds we have today!
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