not been shown to be related to any languages outside Australia. In the late
18th century, there were anywhere between 350 and 750 distinct groupings and a
similar number of languages and dialects
At the time of first European contact, it is estimated that a minimum of 315,000
and as many as 1 million people lived in Australia. Recent archaeological
evidence suggests that the land could have sustained a population of 750,000[11].
the regions of heaviest Indigenous population were the same temperate coastal
regions that are currently the most heavily populated
While Torres Strait Island populations were agriculturalists who supplemented
their diet through the acquisition of wild foods the remainder of Indigenous
Australians were hunter-gatherers. Indigenous Australians along
the coast and rivers were also expert fishermen. Some Aborigines and Torres
Strait Islanders relied on the dingo as a
companion animal, using it to assist with hunting and for warmth on cold nights.
Torres Strait Islanders
Indigenous Australians did practise agriculture.
sugar cane, taro and sweet potato as well as husbanding pigs
In contrast Australian Aborigines did not cultivate any crops and lacked any
domestic food animals
mainland Australia no animal other than the dingo
Indigenous diet included a wide variety of foods, such kangaroo, emu, wombats, goanna, snakes, birds, many insects such as honey ants and witchetty grubs. Many
varieties of plant foods such as taro, nuts,
fruits and berries were also eaten.
A primary tool used in hunting was the spear, launched by a woomera or spear-thrower in some locales. Boomerangs were also used by some
mainland Indigenous peoples. The non-returnable boomerang (known more correctly
as a Throwing Stick),
more powerful than the returning kind, could be used to injure or even kill a
kangaroo.
Permanent villages were the norm for most Torres Strait Island communities. In
some areas mainland Indigenous Australians also lived in semi-permanent
villages, most usually in less arid areas where fishing could provide for a more
settled existence. Most Indigenous communities were semi-nomadic, moving
in a regular cycle over a defined territory,
Many Indigenous communities also have a very complex kinship structure and in some
places strict rules about marriage. In traditional societies, men are required
to marry women of a specific moiety
To enable men and women to find suitable partners, many groups would come
together for annual gatherings (commonly known as corroborees) at which goods were traded, news
exchanged, and marriages arranged amid appropriate ceremonies. This practice
both reinforced clan relationships and prevented inbreeding in a society based on small semi-nomadic
groups.
The Indigenous Australians lived through great climatic changes and adapted
successfully to their changing physical environment
I may be reading to much into the wording, but do we really want to "compare" cultures. When we talk about comparing cultures, it seems as if we are holding them to a certain standard.
Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals and fiefs; the structure of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord was a noble who owned land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_system
These impoverished
peasants often moved to the cities, providing cheap labor essential
for the growth in urban manufacturing
Eastern Europe (especially Poland) and Latin America,
exhibited characteristics of peripheral regions.
In Latin America, the
Spanish and Portuguese conquests destroyed indigenous authority
structures and replaced them with weak bureaucracies under the
control of these European states.
This is the most common pattern found in the world simulation, though other forms emerge as well.
served as buffers between the core and the peripheries
According to Wallerstein, the semi-peripheries were exploited
by the core but, as in the case of the American empires of Spain
and Portugal, often were exploiters of peripheries themselves.
Spain, for example, imported silver and gold from its American
colonies, obtained largely through coercive labor practices, but
most of this specie went to paying for manufactured goods from
core countries such as England and France rather than encouraging
the formation of a domestic manufacturing sector.
nice summary here of the relationship of core, semi-periphery, and periphery
Similarly, Protestants, who
were often the merchants in Catholic countries, found they were
targets of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, a trans-national
institution, found the development of capitalism and the strengthening
of the state threatening.
During this period, workers in Europe experienced a dramatic fall
in wages.
Is the merchant class the first indication of a middle class? If so, then why the fall in wages becasue it seems to me that all they created was a middle man to continously take the wages from the working class that supported the goods that were traded?
European states participated in active exploration for the
exploitation of new markets.
With the independence
of the Latin American countries, these areas as well as previously
isolated zones in the interior of the American continent entered
as peripheral zones in the world economy. Asia and Africa entered
the system in the nineteenth century as peripheral zones.
Expansion of the periphery - this typically represents Round 2 of the World Simulation.
the core enriched itself at the expense of the peripheral economies.
This, of course, did not mean either that everybody in the periphery
became poorer or that all citizens of the core regions became
wealthier as a result.
Wallerstein asserts
that an analysis of the history of the capitalist world system
shows that it has brought about a skewed development in which
economic and social disparities between sections of the world
economy have increased rather than provided prosperity for all.
This was the first time that an economic system encompassed much of the world
with links that superseded national or other political boundaries
This process has to begin with an attitude change in the people.
The international system cannot determine for the people the needs, however
obvious the needs may be.
MDGs are derived from the international system rather than the domestic
environment. They are thus perceived to be foreign, however good the intentions
may be.
Institutions in many African countries are derived from developed countries’
institutions. This makes the whole idea of independence derisory.
elimination of proxy wars that were constantly blamed for the underdevelopment
of the third world, third world leaders would re-channel their resources in
worthy directions, such as health care, education and poverty eradication.
An opinion is put forth here that solutions for Africa must come from Africans so that they have legitimacy. Parochialism is a hindrance to solving political and healthcare issues in Africa (because people are not aware of their rights and privileges?).