In the early days, networked art required some technical understanding of
electronic media and was the domain of the committed computer or digital artist.
Five years before the advent of the World Wide Web, pioneering network artist
Paul Sermon was setting up telematic workstations in public exhibition spaces
and at festival sites. The workstations, consisting of clusters of Macintosh
computer terminals, were connected via modems to what was then the European
Academic Research Network. These telematic events involved a large number of
contributors from around the world and questioned the authority of the artist
over representations made in networked environments. The last of these
projects--Texts, Bombs & Videotape (1991)--simulated the TV newsroom
scenario in an interactive satire of the role of the media in the Gulf War.[25] Today, just as icon-and-mouse software transformed the notion
of computer literacy, the World Wide Web has simplified and democratized
Internet access. Artists from the real world have been going online at a
tremendous rate. This artistic engagement is underscored by the fact that the
Web makes commonplace some of the esoteric sensibilities of the age.