History Readings

the very unification of Italy, forged through the annexation of several kingdoms and states, had to deal with the Pontifical States ruled by the Pope. The new Kingdom of Italy would have been meaningless without those lands, which occupied a large part of the central Italian peninsula, and without their capital, Rome.

But the inclusion of the Papal States into the new Italy was painful and not easy. When the Italian troops led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia entered in Rome in 1870, Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the loss of his territories and the demise of his temporal power and declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican.

A "credible and serious security threat" was a primary reason that Duke University officials on Thursday abandoned plans to allow Islamic students to start broadcasting a weekly call to prayer from the Duke Chapel tower, a university spokesman said.

Members of the Duke Muslim Students Association were supposed to start the three-minute weekly call or chant, known as adhan or azan, on Friday afternoon.

"Duke remains committed to fostering an inclusive, tolerant and welcoming campus for all of its students,"