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Key findings: ICT use by pupils and teachers in the case study schools led to positive motivational\noutcomes, supporting a focus upon learning and the tackling of learning tasks.\n* Positive motivational outcomes were most frequently found when ICT was used to\nsupport engagement, research, writing and editing, and presentation of work. Where ICT\nuses supported internal cognitive aspects of learning, for example in the case of secondary\ndesign and technology, there were indicators that the motivation arising from the use of\nICT was linked to enhancements in some subject specific attainment.\n* More positive motivation resulted when ICT use was focused on both teaching and\nlearning, than when ICT was used to support teaching alone.\n* Boys and girls were both motivated by uses of ICT. There was evidence that motivation\nfrom ICT use positively affected the work patterns of boys so that they worked in similar\nways to the persistent pattern of girls.\n* Motivation appeared to be independent of ethnic background, but socio-economic\nbackground impacted on occasions in terms of limited access or out of school support.\n* There were indications that ICT impacted positively upon

"This study aims at investigating the efficiency of web quests in enhancing the 8th graders' descriptive writing. The 8th graders in the Lebanese public schools in general usually demonstrate poor writing skills. Consequently, they don't show motivation to write in English. The subjects of the study are one control group (n=22) and one experimental group (n=23) enrolled in grade eight in a public school in Beirut and whose ages range from thirteen to fifteen years old. The purpose of the study is to examine whether or not the web quest helps 8th graders achieve unity and coherence in writing descriptive paragraphs and to examine if the motivation towards writing is increased after using the web quest. Based on a pilot study conducted earlier by the two researchers, the prospective findings of the study shall convey that the experimental group produces unified and coherent writings. More importantly, the experimental group is expected to reveal great motivation towards writing. The researchers' prospective recommendations will be mainly urging the teachers of all levels to use the web quests as an indispensable tool requested to enhance students' motivation and to better their descriptive writing skills."

As with ICT more generally, positive impacts on student motivation depend on the ways in which the ICT is used. Improvements in students' attitudes in learning and changes in behaviour will inevitably be reliant on the capacity of teachers and students to use ICT as an effective pedagogical tool. Drawing clear conclusions on the effects of ICT from the range of research evidence and reports available can be problematic.There are a number of factors that limit effective comparisons, such as differences in sample sizes, methodologies and effects, and the extent and purpose of ICT use involved.However, ICT can help to motivate students in a number of ways.

This site is going EFL/ESL in a big way, using video: "We recently found out that 22frames.com is becoming a popular site for learning English as a second language (ESL). It turns out that watching captioned videos provides a way to not only learn formal English but also idioms and other cultural concepts. To find videos, you can browse through categories or make caption-only video searches on your interests. Even more, we have been devoting significant time and resources to developing ESL-specific features that are motivated by our users' feedback." "Recently, we found out that many of our users are using the site to supplement their English learning (see: http://www.22frames.com/esl.aspx ). They also began to pitch ideas we could implement to make the site even more useful for this activity. With so many requests, we decided to seriously consider these ideas and devote significant time and resources into realizing them. Now, we are turning our site into a substantial and FREE English learning resource. We are aware of a couple sites out there that are also focused on using captioned videos for English learning, so we've been focusing on the unique user-motivated features. Therefore, my goal here is to let you know about our free resource and that we are opening the door to requests for anyone who might desire features that have not been implemented elsewhere. Perhaps, you can share this with your colleagues/readers/etc as it will help us better gauge which features to prioritize and to increase the rate with which we will release new features. Please note that we are really serious about considering whatever feedback we get. I'm also pleased to announce our first feature, which we expect will help in learning/teaching popular English idioms. Idioms are a big deal in learning English, and it is clear that watching them used in real situations will increase the rate with which they are learned. We therefore processed a large group of YouTube videos in o

22 Frames is going to the ESL/EFL market, and is free. First features are idioms.

About the role of rewards and motivation

"Based on the motivational theories of Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, the game encourages students to assess themselves not on how smart or talented they are, but on how hard they work. And the reward for completing quests with characters is significant: Help the Cheshire cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and he'll help you turn invisible so you can sneak through the virtual world a la Harry Potter and his invisibility cloak. "The more characters from literature you get to know, the more powerful you become," says Schell. "