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In recent years, the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence and blunt trauma has increased. Impairment of brain function caused by trauma may be permanent, leading to emotional, cognitive, and movement disorders. The primary brain injury is irreversible. Most novel and effective treatment strategies focus on the secondary brain injury process caused by immune activation. A series of cellular and molecular changes play an important role in these cascades, leading to excitotoxicity neuroinflammation, and ultimately leading to apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia.