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Kay Bradley

Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...c_history_of_the_United_States

economics

shared by Kay Bradley on 31 Mar 11 - Cached
  • The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1787, established that the entire nation was a unified, or common market, with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.
  • He succeeded in building a strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy. They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent. Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey
  • Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping, manufacturing, and banking
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791; the charter lasted until 1811.[17]
  • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government (and, consequently, most of Hamilton's economic policies), but they could not stop Hamilton,
  • As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire, but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions. The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, with a 20 year charter.[18]
  • Cotton, at first a small-scale crop in the South, boomed following Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin,
  • Millions moved to the more fertile farmland of the Midwest. States built roads and waterways, such as the Cumberland Pike (1818) and the Erie Canal (1825), opening up markets for western farm products.
  • The Whig Party supported Clay's American System, which proposed to build internal improvements (e.g. roads, canals and harbors), protect industry, and create a strong national bank
  • President Andrew Jackson (1829–1837), leader of the new Democratic Party, opposed the Second Bank of the United States, which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich. When he was elected for a second term, Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank's charter. Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins. The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years
  • Railroads made a decisive impact on the U.S. economy especially in the 1850-1873 era, making possible the transition to an urban industrial nation with high finance and advanced managerial skills. Railroads opened up remote areas, drastically cut the cost of moving freight as well as passenger travel, and stimulated new industries such as steel and telegraphy, as well as the profession of civil engineering.
  • Atlanta, Billings, Chicago, and Dallas
  • the railroad became the first large-scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations.[24]
  • Panics did not curtail rapid U.S. economic growth during the 19th century. Long term demographic growth, expansion into new farmlands, and creation of new factories continued. New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened.
  • By 1860, on the eve of Civil War, 16% of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people; a third of the nation's income came from manufacturing. Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast; cotton cloth production was the leading industry, with the manufacture of shoes, woolen clothing, and machinery also expanding. Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children. Between 1845 and 1855, some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually. Many remained in eastern cities, especially mill towns and mining camps, while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West.[26]
  • The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War
  • Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation's life, including social and political affairs.[26]
  • the region maintained its dependence on cotton
  • An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, a process called the "Second Industrial Revolution."
  • By 1890, the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output.[2
  • The rapid economic development following the Civil War laid the groundwork for the modern U.S. industrial economy.
  • Parallel to these achievements was the development of the nation's industrial infrastructure
Kay Bradley

Federalist No. 1 (Alexander Hamilton) - 0 views

www.cliffsnotes.com/...list-no-1-alexander-hamilton-1

shared by Kay Bradley on 02 Apr 21 - No Cached
  • Kay Bradley on 02 Apr 21
     
    CLiffs notes of the FEderalist Papers
Kay Bradley

Aaron Burr presided over Samuel Chase's impeachment trial after killing Alexander Hamil... - 0 views

www.washingtonpost.com/...l-chase-impeachment-aaron-burr

shared by Kay Bradley on 17 Feb 21 - No Cached
  • Kay Bradley on 17 Feb 21
     
    "The man on trial in early 1805 was Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, the first and only member of the high court ever to be impeached. The man presiding over that trial was Vice President Aaron Burr, who was dodging charges in New Jersey for fatally shooting Alexander Hamilton in a duel the previous summer. "Formerly it was the practice in courts of justice to arraign the murderer before the Judge, but now we behold the Judge arraigned before the murderer," wrote one Boston newspaper under the headline: "The World Upside Down." Unlike President Donald Trump, who declined to testify at his second impeachment trial, Chase decided to speak on his own behalf."
Kay Bradley

Surprises in the Family Tree - The New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...prises-in-the-family-tree.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 05 Oct 20 - No Cached
  • A retired oil-refinery engineer in Collegeville, Pa., Mr. Heinegg, who is white, has compiled genealogies of 900 mixed-race families who lived freely in slaveholding states in ''Free African Americans of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia'' and ''Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware.'' (The information is posted on a Web site, www.freeafricanamericans.com.)
  • Mr. Heinegg's research offers evidence that most free African-American and biracial families resulted not from a master and his slave, like Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, but from a white woman and an African man: slave, freed slave or indentured servant.
  • Since there was not a clear distinction between slavery and servitude at the time, he said, ''biracial camaraderie'' often resulted in children. The idea that blacks were property did not harden until around 1715 with the rise of the tobacco economy, by which time there was a small but growing population of free families of color. Dr. Boles estimated that by 1860 there were 250,000 free black or mixed-race individuals.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • It is incontrovertible that America is a multiracial society, from the founding father Alexander Hamilton (the son of a mixed-race woman from the British West Indies) to Essie Mae Washington-Williams, 78, a retired schoolteacher, who, the late Senator Strom Thurmond's family acknowledged last month, is his daughter. And for decades there have been questions about the possible mixed-race ancestry of Ida Stover, Dwight D. Eisenhower's mother.
  • One is Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, whose blood lines, according to the historian Mario de Valdes y Cocom, go back to the van Salees, a Muslim family of Afro-Dutch origin prominent in Manhattan in the early 1600's. If any branch of your family has been in America since the 17th or 18th centuries, Dr. Berlin said, ''it's highly likely you will find an African and an American Indian.''
  • he found that Mrs. Phillips and his wife, Rita, had white ancestors who were not slave masters, including a woman who started a family with John Kecatan, an African slave freed in 1666.
  • ''There were communities in 17th- and 18th-century America where blacks and whites, both free, of equal rank and shared experiences, were working together, living together, drinking and partying together, and inevitably sleeping together.''
  • An added challenge is that racial identity can mutate from free black to white in just a few generations.
  • Mr. Heinegg is familiar with racial prejudice. He and his wife, who met as members of the Brooklyn outpost of the Congress on Racial Equality, left the country in 1969, disgusted by what they saw as a lack of progress. They raised their three daughters in Tanzania, Liberia and Saudi Arabia.
  • Kay Bradley on 05 Oct 20
     
    Paul Heinegg Genealogical Research on 1200 mixed race families.
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