University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023

SummaryChristianity came very early to Africa, as attested by the Gospels. The agencies by which it spread across North Africa and into the Kingdom of Aksum remain largely unknown. Even after the rise of Islam cut communications between sub-Saharan Africa and the churches of Rome and Constantinople, it survived in the eastern Sudan kingdom of Nubia until the 15th century and never died in Ethiopia. The documentary history of organized missions begins with the Roman Catholic monastic orders founded in the 13th century. Their evangelical work in Africa was closely bound up with Portuguese colonialism, which both helped and hindered their operations. Organized European Protestant missions date from the 18th-century evangelical awakening and were much less creatures of states.

Another, dated circa 1502, is a contraband copy of a top-secret Portuguese document, rendering Africa and the eastern seaboard of the Americas substantially as we know them today

The first of the rooms nominally devoted to the mother country shows several maps. One from Florence in the early 1490s posits a land bridge connecting southern Africa to China but shows no sign of the Americas or the Pacific

The Portuguese explorers introduced it around the world. To this day it flourishes as far afield as Hawaii, yet back home it is largely forgotten.

ut before the discovery of gold in 1886, the region was poor and unpromising –

the aim of this paper is to challenge some of these assumptions and to put forward a more radical and, I think, a more plausible answer to the question of why there was an Anglo-Zulu war in 1879.

The Zulu was originally a small clan living in the territory of one of the Nguni rulers in Natal, Dingiswayo. Shaka who was born in 1787, was one of the sons of the Zulu clan chief, Senzangakona. His mother’s bad temper led to her being driven away from her husband’s household and Shaka grew up among strangers. He had an unhappy childhood; he was bullied and mocked by his companions. Memories of humiliation gave him a ferocious thirst for power. As a youth he joined Dingiswayo’s forces and earned a reputation for reckless courage. This found him favour with the chief. In 1816, after the death of his father, with the aid of Dingiswayo, he removed a brother from the chieftaincy of Zulu and became the chief of Zululand. Shaka proved to be a military leader of outstanding genius

compatriots

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as been made, as should have been done, in regard to the name of Wilkes Land. Americans are a patriotic people, their conduct in the present world war shows it, but, in regard to geographical discoveries outside of the United States made by Americans, they seem too inert and too indifferent to assert themselves and to back up their own sons. Among the geographical discoveries by Americans which are too much neglected at home are those made in Africa. And yet in the closing period of the "age of discovery," in which the secrets of the so-called Dark Continent were revealed, three Americans, Paul Belloni Du Chaillu, Charles Chaille-Long, and Arthur Donaldson Smith, and one An