The major exploration of East Africa was accomplished over a roughly twenty-year period after 1856inaseries ofjourneys made byBurton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and some lesser figures
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The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 1 views
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After 1856, Burton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and a few lesser-known individuals made a series of expeditions that resulted in the major exploration of East Africa.
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"portent"
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A portent is something that indicates what is likely to happen in the future and it can also be defined as an omen of something momentous, which can be good but is more often negative
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The technological advantage of superior firearms lay with the explorers but, except for some instances during Stanley's 1874-77 expedition, explorers were rarely in a position to deploy sufficient numbers of weapons to force their way through, even if they had been willing to try.29Paradoxically, therefore, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, '60s, and '70s derived little advantage from Europe's lead in technology
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The explorers possessed the technological edge of better weapons, but, with the exception of a few incidents during Stanley's 1874-1877 voyage, they were rarely able to use enough weapons to force their way through, even if they had been prepared to attempt.29So, paradoxically, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, 1860s, and '70s gained little from Europe's technological superiority.
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presumably
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it a word that is used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
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One of the difficulties facing all those who have written on the subject is that of distinguishing between the traveler to exotic places and the scientificexplorer; naturally, the RGS insisted on its concern with the latter. 9 In practice the distinction was not and is not always easy to draw: most of the East African explorers' publications partook of the character of tourist travelogues aswellas scientific treatises. Nor was the society averse from taking financial and social advantage of the popular interest generated by the adventures and personal disputes of their explorer heroes
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Making the distinction between the scientific explorer and the exotic traveler is one of the challenges facing all authors who have written on the subject; consequently, the RGS insisted on its preoccupation with the latter.9The divide was not always clear in practice because the majority of the East African explorers' books had elements of both tourist travelogues and scientific treatises. The group was also not opposed to profiting financially and socially from the interest that was produced by the exploits and personal conflicts of their hero explorers.
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they were waiting for Europeans to come and free them from the yoke of the slave trade. 4
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The Africans were waiting for the explorers to release them from the slavery yoke
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widened.
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The limited support which the government gave to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa might also be seen as symptomatic even if foreign secretaries were wont to claim that they were simply encouraging geographical science. Whatever the state of the economy or of middle class opinion, the obvious conclusion to be drawn from the evidence is that even if the Foreign Office did arrange limited help for explorers and did give Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of the interior of East Africa, the government certainly did not want to become directly involved beyond the coast lands.
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After Livingstone's passing inEven while foreign secretaries were prone to insist that they were only promoting geographical knowledge, the government's meager assistance to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa could be considered as symptomatic. Regardless of the state of the economy or the opinions of the middle class, it is clear from the evidence that even though the Foreign Office did arrange some limited assistance for explorers and did grant Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of interior East Africa, the government did not want to get directly involved outside of the coastal regions
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cynical
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Cynical implies having a sneering disbelifs in sincerity or integrity and cynical is about politicians motives.
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Following Livingstone's death in 1873, a great many of those Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been aroused by the explorers began to consider various kinds of direct intervention. From 1876, there were, for example, serious attempts to provide an infrastructure of communications. Meanwhile the missionaries were encouraged to produce useful Africans in "industrial" missions where carpentry would be as important as the Gospel. In short, very direct interference in the lives of Africans was planned. By 1876, in fact, what I would wish to call the "unofficial mind" of imperialism had been so conditioned by the explorers as far as East Africa was concerned that it was prepared through various agencies to undertake this sort of direct action. It is not surprising to find this same "unofficial mind" responding very readily to King Leopold's initiative in setting up an international association to regenerate Africa, an initiative which was itself a direct response to the reports of African explorers. 73 C. M. Andrew has written of an "unofficial mind" of imperialism
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Many of the Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been piqued by the explorers began to investigate various forms of active action after Livingstone's death in 1873. For instance, there were significant initiatives to establish a communications infrastructure starting in 1876. Missionaries were urged to raise suitable Africans for "indus-trial" missions where carpentry would be just as significant as the Gospel in the interim. In other words, it was designed to intrude extremely directly in Africans' lives. In fact, as far as East Africa was concerned, the explorers had already so conditioned imperialism's "unofficial mind" by 1876 that it was ready through a variety of means to engage in this type of direct action. The fact that the same "unofficial mind" is responding so strongly is not surprising.
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Mungo Park's African Adventures - Document - Gale eBooks - 1 views
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By the end of the eighteenth century, vigorous exploration of the interiors of major continents was well underway. In North America, the eastern part of the continent was well known, and major portions west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and the French. South America had been explored by the Spanish, and much of Asia had been visited or described as well. The Australian interior remained a mystery, nor was anything known of the African interior. Of these, Africa was of far greater interest because of its animals, great lakes and rivers, natives, and jungle. It simply seemed more exotic, dangerous, and interesting than Australia. It was also more accessible, lying just a few thousand miles from Europe.
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The interiors of the main continents had been vigorously explored by the end of the eighteenth century. The eastern half of North America was well known, and the Spanish and French had explored the most of the territory west of the Mississippi. The Spanish had explored South America and had visited or written about much of Asia. Both the Australian interior and the interior of Africa remained a mystery. Africa was the most fascinating of all due to its wildlife, large lakes and rivers, inhabitants, and jungle. Simply put, it appeared to be more exotic, perilous, and fascinating than Australia. Due to its proximity to Europe-just a few thousand miles-it was also more accessible.
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After Park's disappearance public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored, showing that it was possible to journey through unknown territory to a major African river, with few supplies and little help—but that doing so was dangerous business. More than 15 years would pass before the next major expedition left for Africa. (This is surprising when you consider that Africa, is, after all, geographically closer to Europe than either of the Americas or Asia. Yet, trade was established with India and China, colonies were established in both North and South America, and a struggling colony was present in Australia before African exploration was well underway.) Hugh Clapperton, Dixon Denham, and Walter Oudney led a three-year expedition for the British government (1822-1825) through Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa—and returned to England to tell about it. They were followed by many others in subsequent decades, culminating in the epic journeys of David Livingstone (from 1852 until his death in 1873
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By the end of the eighteenth century, the innards of the major continents had undergone active exploration. The eastern part of North America was well known, while the majority of the area west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and French. The Spanish had traveled through most of Asia and had explored South America. The interiors of Australia and Africa both remained a mystery. Due to its wildlife, numerous lakes and rivers, residents, and jungle, Africa was the most fascinating of all the continents. In other words, it seemed more exotic, dangerous, and exciting than Australia. It was also easier to get to because of how close it was to Europe-just a few thousand kilometers away.
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Back in England, Park married, wrote a book, and became licensed in surgery. In 1805 he set out again on another expedition sponsored by the African Association, accompanied by nearly 40 men, trying again to map the course of the Niger. This time, after reaching the river, they built boats and sailed along it for over 1,000 miles (1,609 km), mapping its course as it flowed to the east and turned south. Disease, however, killed all but 11 of his expedition members, and the weakened party was never to reach the mouth of the Niger. They were killed in a battle with natives near the present city of Bussa in 1806.
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Park married, published a book, and obtained his surgical license back in England. With roughly 40 additional men, he headed out on another African Association-sponsored trip in 1805 in an effort to survey the Niger once more. This time, they arrived at the river, built boats, and sailed nearly 1,000 miles (1,609 km) down it while charting its course as it ran to the east before turning south. However, disease claimed the lives of all but 11 of his expedition's participants, and the weaker group was unable to make it to the Niger River's mouth. In 1806 they lost their lives in a conflict with locals close to the modern-day city of Bussa.
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Over the next century, Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium all established (or tried to establish) colonies, trading outposts, or both in Africa. Although warfare between competing European powers rarely erupted, the natives often resisted European incursions. The African tribes, however, could neither coordinate their efforts nor overcome the technological advantage of European weapons. In every instance but one (Ethiopia, who defeated the Italians in 1896), they failed to resist the onslaught of European colonizers.
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In the next century, colonies, trading outposts, or both, were created (or attempted to be formed) in Africa by Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium. The locals frequently opposed European advances, notwithstanding the rarity of conflict between rival European nations. However, the African tribes were unable to work together or overcome the technological superiority of European weapons. In all but one case-Ethiopia, which beat the Italians in 1896-they were unable to fend off the invasion of European invaders.
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exploration of Africa - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help - 1 views
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Archaeological
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it is the scientific study of material remains such as tools,pottery,jewelry,stone walls and monuments of past human life and activities.
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The coasts of northern Africa were known to peoples of Europe and Asia since ancient times. Non-Africans later gained knowledge of the western, southern, and eastern coasts. However, the interior of Africa remained largely a mystery to foreigners until the mid-19th century. It was the last of the inhabited continents to be thoroughly explored by outsiders, along with Australia. Africa lies very close to southern Europe and even closer to the Middle East region of Asia. Nevertheless, Europeans explored the distant Americas first.
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The ancient inhabitants of Europe and Asia were aware of the northern African shores. Later, the western, southern, and eastern beaches were known to non-Africans. However, until the middle of the 19th century, the interior of Africa was mainly unknown to outsiders. Along with Australia, it was the last of the inhabited continents to be properly explored by outsiders. The Middle East region of Asia is even closer to Africa than it is to southern Europe. Nevertheless, the far-off Americas were first discovered by Europeans.
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Africa posed several challenges to foreign explorers
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Mediterranean Sea.
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The mediterranean sea is a sea connected to the atlantic ocean, surrounded by the mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land on the north by southern europe and anatolia on the south by north africa and on the east by the levant in western asia.
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fierce storms
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Portugal’s exploring aims were largely commercial. The Portuguese wanted to find a sea route around Africa to the riches of Asia. Like other European powers, they wanted to trade directly in valuable Asian spices. The older trade routes to Asia were becoming increasingly blocked to them.
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Portuguese exploration mostly served commercial interests. The Portuguese sought a sea route from the riches of Asia around Africa. They desired to engage in direct trade in priceless Asian spices, much like other European powers. Older trade routes to Asia were getting more and more closed off to them.
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The Portuguese wanted to end Muslim control over northern Africa. That desire was one of several reasons why Portugal explored the continent in the 15th century. Spreading Christianity in Africa was another motive for Portuguese exploration, along with scientific curiosity. They also sought great wealth.
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The Portuguese also wanted to establish trade with western Africa. Gold, ivory, and African slaves had long been traded across the Sahara to Muslims in the north.
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Additionally, the Portuguese desired to open markets in western Africa. African slaves, gold, and ivory had long been traded with Muslims in the north across the Sahara.
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By the time Henry died in 1460, his navigators had explored the coast as far south as Sierra Leone. For a time the Portuguese were busy fighting the Moroccans, and few exploring expeditions were sent out. John II became king of Portugal in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese once again began exploring Africa regularly
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By the time Henry passed away in 1460, his explorers had traveled as far south as Sierra Leone to investigate the coastline. Few exploration trips were sent out for a while since the Portuguese were preoccupied with fighting the Moroccans. Portugal's John II was crowned king in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese resumed frequent exploration of Africa.
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stone pillar
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A stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top.it is a landform, eisther of rock or earth.
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For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly on the move in the African interior. First, he ventured north of Cape Town into the Kalahari, a vast dry plain. By 1842 he had already traveled farther north in the Kalahari than any other European. In 1844 he traveled to Mabotsa to establish a mission station. Along the way he was mauled by a lion, and his left arm was injured. The following year Livingstone married Moffat’s daughter Mary. She accompanied him on many of his travels.
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Livingstone moved about constantly throughout the interior of Africa for the following 15 years. He first traveled into the Kalahari, a large, dry desert, to the north of Cape Town. He had already traversed the Kalahari further north than any previous European by 1842. He went to Mabotsa in 1844 to start a mission station there. He was attacked by a lion along the route, which hurt his left arm. Livingstone wed Mary, Moffat's daughter, the following year. She traveled with him on many occasions.
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Modern exploration of the Nile basin began when Egypt conquered Sudan starting in 1821. As a result, the Egyptians learned more about the courses of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. A Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, led three expeditions between 1839 and 1842. Two of them reached the point in what is now South Sudan where rapids make navigation of the Nile difficult.
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When Egypt seized control of Sudan beginning in 1821, modern exploration of the Nile basin began. The Egyptians gained deeper knowledge of the Blue Nile and White Nile's courses as a result. Between 1839 and 1842, Selim Bimbashi, a Turkish officer, was in charge of three expeditions. Two of them arrived at the spot where the Nile's navigation becomes challenging due to rapids in what is now South Sudan
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Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views
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nted a
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yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
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y Johann Re
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johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
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on th
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s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
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. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
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ample,
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Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
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Europeans,
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NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
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omoted
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Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
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to switch from
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In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
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In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
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For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
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'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
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In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
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'scientific geo
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A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
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appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
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appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
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out th
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It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
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Clements Markha
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Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
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r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
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IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
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Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
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Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
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precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
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Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
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Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
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Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
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European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
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Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
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