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History, Tribes & Geology Of Mt. Kilimanjaro - Tanzania Climbs - AfricanMecca Safaris - 1 views

www.africanmeccasafaris.com/...history-tribe-geology Katlego Modiba History 2A
shared by katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Life-giving streams fertilized and watered lower mountain slopes, providing an ideal environment for early man to develop from nomadic hunter-gatherer to settled farmer, building villages and developing a cohesive society. Apart from a few stone bowls, you will find no traces of these early settlements on trek tours of Kilimanjaro.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      Early man thrived in this ideal environment as he transitioned from a nomadic hunter-gatherer to a sedentary farmer, creating villages and a coherent society. Life-giving streams fertilized and watered lower mountain slopes. On Kilimanjaro trek excursions, you won't see any remnants of these early communities except than a few stone bowls.
  • The mountain was a landmark for Arab and Chinese traders
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      it was a historic event for them.
  • In 1849, missionary Johann Rebmann, published an account that was not believed. Kilimanjaro became part of a German Protectorate in 1885. Hans Meyer was the first European to climb Mount Kilimanjaro to reach the summit of Kibo in October of 1889. At this point, it was actually described as “The highest mountain in Germany”! The German colonial government made Mount Kilimanjaro a game reserve together with its surrounding forests until it was allocated to the British as a Protectorate under the League of Nations until Tanzanian Independence in 1961.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      Johann Rebmann, a missionary, published an unverified report in 1849. In 1885, the German Protectorate annexed Kilimanjaro. In October 1889, Hans Meyer became the first European to ascend Mount Kilimanjaro and reach the peak of Kibo. It was literally referred to at this point as "The highest mountain in Germany"! Mount Kilimanjaro and the surrounding forests were designated a game reserve by the German colonial administration before being given to the British as a Protectorate under the League of Nations until Tanzanian Independence in 1961.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • In 1987, this was declared a United Nations World Heritage Site and expanded in 2005 to include the entire tropical forest where certain species found on a Mt. Kilimanjaro climbing fieldtrip occur nowhere else on earth. The lower slopes are still farmed by the indigenous Chagga peopl
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      This region, which included the entire tropical forest and several species discovered during a Mt. Kilimanjaro climbing field trip, was added to the list of United Nations World Heritage Sites in 2005. The native Chagga people still cultivate the lower slopes. It is interesting that it was viewed as the United State's world heritage site even though it is not in the U.S
  • foothills.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      a low hill at the base of a mountain or mountain range
  • mongst these were said to be the aboriginal Wakonyingo: Bantu dwarf pygmies of mythical stature, credited variously with tails, large heads, magical powers and the ability to live close to heaven at the top of mountains. The Umbo tribe, driven out themselves from Usambara Mountains, may have been responsible for the disappearance of the Wakonyingo.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Wakonyingo were described as Bantu dwarf pygmies of mythical proportions, with tails, big heads, magical abilities, and the capacity to live near heaven at the tops of mountains. The Wakonyingo may have vanished because the Umbo tribe, whom they had driven from the Usambara Mountains, was to blame.
  • The Chagga now form one of Tanzania’s largest, richest, best refined and most powerful ethnic groups, possibly because of the fertility of their homelands combined with their contact with early German colonialists and missionaries whose travel in Africa provided the Chagga with education and opportunities to embrace the Western culture.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Chagga are currently one of Tanzania's largest, wealthiest, most civilized, and powerful ethnic groups, perhaps as a result of the abundance of their native lands and the early German colonists and missionaries who traveled through Africa and gave the Chagga access to education and opportunities to adopt Western culture.
  • edicine men practiced animal and even human sacrifice with elaborate rituals for purifying people who had been the target of curses or malicious magic. They practiced circumcision, puberty rituals, elaborate levels of burial rites depending on the status of the deceased, and brides were coached to put on appropriate weight before carrying them to their husbands.
  • heir wealth is now based on banana and coffee plantations, but they no longer accept barter payment in beads and cloth.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Chagga people are reach/wealthy because of their plantations. And i think it is good that they do not accept barter payment as in a way bartering was not a good thing.
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CD10-055 364..377.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0set0g Katlego Modiba History 2A
shared by katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Afric
  • At 5,895 m, located in northeastern Tanzania, Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa’s highest peak. The diversity of its nature is exceptional: from lowland savannah to upper icecap, a huge range of ecosystems is represented in its slopes. But today, this treasure is threatened. Since it was first measured in 1912 (Klute, 1920), the snowcap had lost 82 per cent of its volume by 2000 (Thompson et al., 2002), and the impact of this on the hydrosystem and the
  • The mountain provides shelter to the Chagga, a people who have been cultivating parcels of land on its slopes for centuries.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • irrigation
  • water stress
  • As a result, water management in the basin has to balance between demands for (i) coffee and banana cultivation on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, (ii) paddy farms in the lowlands, (iii) flower cultivation around Arusha and (iv) hydropower plants at Nyumba ya Mungu, Hale and Pangani Falls
  • Mount Kilimanjaro represents the main source of water for the Pangani river basin, which has a total area of 42,200 km 2 (including 2,320 km 2 in Kenya)
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      the primary source of water is the mount Kilimanjaro. Explorers also got water from the mountain.
  • r environmental degradation
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such us air, water and soil.
  • hydropower
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      hydropower is renewable source of energy that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river, in this case a mountain
  • On Kilimanjaro’s slopes live the Chagga people.
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      The slopes of the mountain Kilimanjaro is a habitant for the Wachagga people. Which means the the explorers never struggled to find a place to sleep when exploring the mountain. the mount Kilimanjaro is fascinating and it has many things that one wouldn't think of. And it helps people a lot, without it the people of the Wachagga wouldn't survive the way they are surviving.
  • e Arusha and Moshi industrial municipalities.
  • In addition to its important cultural and spiritual significance, Mount Kilimanjaro is the primary source not only of water but also of food, fuel and building material for the people of north-central Tanzani
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro also provides food, fuel and other things in the country Tanzania not only water. So it is the primary source of everything.
  • In parallel, the Kilimanjaro region has a long tradition of gravity-fed irrigation canals (mifongo), with some schemes dating back to the 17th century.
  • What kind of environmental governance can be implemented on the Kilimanjaro slopes?
  • he allocation of water between the furrows is based on customary laws and behavioural norms of the community.
  • a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1989. Chagga communities are tolerated on a ‘half-mile strip’ of the forest reserve, where they are allowed to collect fallen branches for firewood
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kilimanjaro 2.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0sesrx Katlego Modiba History 2A
shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • http://win10.i
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows explorers ascending the mount Kilimanjaro
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An Ascent of Kilimanjaro.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sesrp Katlego Modiba History 2A
shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Read at the Meeting of the Society, 27 November 1922. SINCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848, and since Sir Harry Johnston's pioneer work on the upper slopes in 1884, eighteen men and at least one lady had reached the icy rim of the great crater on its summit. The first Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. Dr. Foerster, a German settler at Moshi,
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is a journal article by C. Gillman about some expedition in Mount Kilimanjaro. The writer describes the mount Kilimanjaro and how it was and the conditions there.
  • NCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848,
  • on the upper slopes in 1884, e
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • t Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. D
  • anjaro, and t
  • anjaro, and th
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro is located in the country Tanzania which in the Eastern part of the continent Africa. Kilimanjaro is one of Africa's tallest mountains at about 5, 895 meters and 19,340 feet. Many explorers, explored this mountain because it is well known in Africa and this mount changed how many explorers viewed Africa, it is well known that most Europeans viewed Africa as a continent that is
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Of course, many of the tallest mountains in the world and a number of volcanoes on the central and South American plateaus are higher than Kilimanjaro at sea level, but their bases, whether mountain chains or plateaus, are already at a significant altitude, whereas here the slopes rise uninterruptedly for 5,200 meters above plains below(800 meters) to the summit of Kibo.
  • ly ste
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a summit can be described as the highest point of a hill or a mountain.
  • y ste
  • aphical base to the top. Many peaks of the world's big fold mountains, several volcanoes on the Central and South American plateaus are of course actually higher above sea-level than Kilimanjaro, but their base, be it a chain or a plateau, lies already at a considerable altitude, whilst here t
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
  • bove. From a base about 80 kms. in diameter, the slopes rise very gently at first, and, gradually steepening towards the summit, produce that slightly concave outline so characteristic of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating the fact that the earlier lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were m
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slopes rise very gently at first, gradually steepening towards the summit to create that slightly concave outline so distinctive of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating that older lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were more viscous. The slopes begin at a base that is about 80 km in diameter.
  • -volcano. The three cones whose centres of eruption lie on an almost straight line running west to east, are Shira in the west, Kibo in the centre, and Mavenzi in the east. Shira, the oldest, 4000 metres high, is to-day only a ruin with the remains of its former crater-wall forming a ragged more or less horizontal spur protruding from the western slope of its
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three cones are namely Shira, Kibo and Mavenzi. Shira is the oldest and is only 4000 meters high, while Mvenzi is only 5270 meters high and Kibo is the highest with 5930 meters high.
  • Structurally Kilimanjaro consists of three single strato-volcanoes, each of which has had its own
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Here the writer simply tells us that mount Kilimanjaro is made up three separate starti-volcanoes and each have their own history and origin
  • eighbour. The second in age is Mavenzi, 5270 metres high, whose former crater, though much destroyed by erosion, is still well recognizable and opens by two deep barrancos towards the north-east. The centre is taken up by Kibo, 5930 metres, the youngest and highest of the three component volcanoes, and the only one which still shows an intact crater and a perpetu
  • rin
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kibo summit is the highest point of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania located in the mountain's arctic zone.
  • called Sa
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least on side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earth's land.
  • tless small parasitic cones the .middle and lower slopes of the main massif. One of these cones, right down at the foot of the mountain in its south-east corner, has a large crater fllled by the beautiful emerald-green waters of lake Chala.
  • limatic features of Kilimanjaro are determined by three main factors: (1) the mountain's position in the equatorial region of continuous trade winds; (2) the isolation of a huge mass of rock rising from a level plain; and (3) the great height above this plain which brings the upper regions of the mountain well within the zone of the anti-tr
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They are also called westerlies.
  • ins. The results are ascending winds during the day and descending winds at night, the mountain winds being stronger over the southern than over the n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This are the results of trades that bring vapour from the Indian Ocean that blows and that's what happens as soon as they approach the mountain.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column influenced by them much larger. It is these mountain winds which, by altering the horizontal direction of the trade as it strikes Kilimanjar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The daily cycle is controlled by the mountain's winds, which change the trade's horizontal direction as it approaches Kilimanjaro.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column inf
  • alt
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      it is difficult to understand this word, so it makes the whole sentence not to be understandable.
  • opes, to arctic
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the weather there is drier, with less snow in the winter and sunny summer days
  • o well dis
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      discernible means to be visible or noticeable.
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EA
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EAST
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows how the mount Kilimanjaro looks like when one is viewing it from the north-east side. its a picture by C. Dundas
  • MAVENZI AND THE SADDLE PLATEAU FROM THE CAVE ON KIB
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A picture of how Mavenzi summit and saddle plateau looks like
  • n the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow o
  • the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow or
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is something interesting about the explorers who were able to identify the five zones of Kilimanjaro and the meters they all have.
  • ent-da
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on Mountains. glaciers were found in summit Kibo all present day.
  • n or meteorological con
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      meteorological conditions are determined by the wind velocity and direction, the air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and the stabilityy class.
  • a peculia
  • Kibo, however, shows a peculiarity, unique as far as our knowledge goes, in that its large central crater forms an island-like region of fusion, interrupting the region of feeding, t
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      peculiarity is a strange or unusual feature or habit
  • l
  • latter thus being of annular shape and enclosing a dischargeless glacier ar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The summit Kibo exhibits a characteristic that is unique to our knot in that its massive center crater divides the feeding zone into an island-like region of fusion and an annular region that is surrounded by a discharge-free glacier area.
  • ior Commissioner of Moshi, Messrs. P. Nason and F. J. Miller, and myself. The first day's march of seven hours took us through cultivated Chaga Land in an easterly direction to the little kingdom of Marang'u, which had supplied the porters for most of the former expeditions, and whence a good path leads through the forest belt. This march across the lower slopes of the mountain entailed a good many ups and downs caused by the deeply eroded radial valleys, but it also afforded us a fair insight into the life of a most interesting people. Nowhere in East Africa have I seen anything approaching the high standard of culture that is exhibited by the sturdy inhabitants of the cultivated zone of Kilimanjaro
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the mountain was fascinating
  • little chieftaincies
  • Grouped together in a number of little chieftaincies, the Wachaga are certainly a happy blend of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman. This is very probably due to the initiative of powerful and despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, led the masses to more intensive labour and thus to higher forms of civilization, and have understood how to make the best of the very favourable conditions which the well-watered mountain
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The explorers viewed the Wachagga as unquestionably a successful fusion of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman, grouped together in a number of small chieftaincies. This is very likely a result of the initiative of strong, despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, drove the populace toward more intense labour and, consequently, toward higher forms of civilization, and who also knew how to make the most of the favorable conditions that the well-watered mountain sloped offered. it is interesting that the slopes are watered
  • o abe
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      abeyance means a state of temporary disuse or suspension
  • rd but healthy work are well built, sturdy, and tough. To see their women balancing huge bundles of thatch descend along a steep and slippery path, slim and erect, is a fine sight. And as to the men, our porters gave a good exhibition of their staying powe
  • tropical forest, we rested on the lowest patch of grass at about 2000 metres. A further climb of a little more than an hour took us through the temperate rain-forest to the lowest of Dr. Foerster's huts (2730 metres), which we reached soon after noo
  • e advantages of the cool dark shade. It probably requires the trained eye of the botanist to distinguish between the lower and upper tropical rain-forest. As far as I could see they both agree in their main characteristics, i.e. tall trees growing out into the light from a dense undergrowth, and large smooth shiny leaves adapted to a highly increased transpira
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was difficult for explorers to distinguish the difference between the lower and upper tropical forest because they had similar features
  • The abundance of moisture with which the plants have to deal during most of the year up there in the mean altitude of the daily mists is aggravated by the comparative coolness of the climate. Mere enlarging of the transpiring leaf surface and the tropical devices for letting the water drip off no longer suffice. Other means had to be developed to deal with the altered environment. The leaves again become smaller and are often covered with thin hair, which, while allowing the surplus water to drip off easily, may also be regarded as pro
  • ht and heat there. The uppermost portion of the temperate forest consists almost entirely of tree-heather growing to a height of io to 15 metres. A most curious fact, and one which requires further investigation, is the absence of that bamboo belt which is found everywhere in East Africa above the rain-forest and, according to Uhlig, is particularly well developed on Mount Meru, only some 80 miles distant from
  • I wish to add a few words on the economic function of the forest be
  • he agriculture of the Wachaga, and with it their further progress towards civilization, but also the development of the European plantations in the lower regions of Kilimanjaro, depend in the first instance on that continuous and ample supply of water which the mountain guarantees them. It seems, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand clearly the agencies which influence this life-spending ele
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The mountain supplies the lower regions plantations of the Europeans with water. The question is why can't they just get water from rivers or even from the rainfall?
  • e perennial stre
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      perennial streams are streams that have continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall
  • usal n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point
  • But the meteorological conditions of the mountain are such that a considerable portion of the vapour-laden atmosphere reaches the
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the course
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the cours
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Did the explorers actually watch everything that happened in the mountains
  • d awa
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