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Contents contributed and discussions participated by cicisebego

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Avorio d'ogni ragione: the supply of elephant ivory to northern Europe in the Gothic er... - 1 views

diigo.com/0seco9 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This article accounts for the hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France through an alteration in the medieval trade routes that brought elephant tusks from Africa to northern Europe
  • why, after a scarcity of elephant ivory in northern Europe during the twelfth century, was there sudden access to such large tusks around 1240?
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      ?
  • nflux
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Influx? Definition: an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • ephant ivory in this period is linked directlytotheeconomiesof thetextile-producingcities of theNetherlands,EnglandandnorthernFrance
  • foragers
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Foragers? Definition: a person or animal that searches widely for food or provisions.
  • sks and other products (honey, wax, skins of big cats, rhinoceros horns,
  • tusks and other products (honey, wax, skins of big cats, rhinoceros horns, and so on) with Swahili merchants for shells and items manufactured by Swahili artisans specifically for inland trade, including glass beads, metal knives, arrowheads, spears and jewellery
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      What is done by elephant ivory? People make products like: knives, spears, and jewelry to trade and make money from that.
  • By the late-thirteenth century elephant he ig h t.
  • when the al-Daftar was written, however, the import of elephant tusks into northern France was near its
  • Chinese celadon pottery, silk, cotton, books, paper, glassware and distinctive Yemeni black-on-yellow pottery. 3
  • surfei
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Surfeit? Definition: an excessive amount of something.
  • The last leg of ivory’s journey from Alexandria or the Maghrib to northern Europe, therefore, took place courtesy of Italian merchants, at first Genoese and then others. The elephant tusks were brought to Majorca, where they were loaded with a large volume of alum and a small quantity of other precious goods on ships destined for the textile centres of the north.
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      African countries would trade elephant tusks to the northern part of Europe.
  • The increased supply of ivory in northern Europe echoes precisely the increasing frequency of these Mediterranean-Atlantic voyages: prior to the elephant ivory
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The ivory trade and elephant conservation.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0seco3 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectiv
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slight decline of elephant in the 1970s to 1980s has led to the the CITES banning ivory trade.
  • in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching f
  • In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • uction
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Auction? Definition: an area where there is a public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most.
  • tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 199
  • government ivory stockpiles to Japanese
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe were the only three countries to do a once of trade with Japanese traders in 1999.
  • ry-
  • ant
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti ivory? Definition: the opposite or being against something.
  • resulting in a surge of elephant poaching
  • environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have ivory
  • ns. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
  • economic development and increased tourism, particularly in Asia. The ivory trade was widely recognized as the single most important cause of substantial elephant population d
  • 04. The Fifth African Elephant Range States Dialogue Communiqué at CITES 12 demonstrated that most African elephant range state governments supported limited re-listing of the African elephant to Appendix II, ivory me
  • I (1) assess the effectiveness of the ivory and elephant poaching, (2) review arguments both for and against reopening the international trade in elephant ivory, and (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory dem
  • 1989 CITES ivory trade ban in reducing
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interventions that were brought into power to prevent poaching.
  • (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory demand
  • Ivory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa.
  • vory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa. ! Sources: Cobb (1989), Martin and Stiles (2000, 2003), Dublin and Jachmann (1992) and Dublin et al. (1995)
  • 1987, the Group estimated that the elephant population had declined to 760000 (African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group 1987). In
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The illegal poaching of Elephants and Rhinos is something very common in the African context.
  • Wild elephant population estimates (number of elephants) for South and South-east Asia in the late 1980s and 2000. Sources: Santiapillai and Jackson (1990), Kemf and Santiapillai (2000) and Martin and Stiles (2002). Country Late 1980s 2000 Nepal 90 70 Sri Lanka 2950 2500-3000 Myanmar 6500 4820 Thailand 1650 1650 Laos 2500 1125 Cambodia 2000 250 Viet Nam 1750 135 Total 17440 10550
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      A table showing the decline of elephants from 1980s to the year 2000
  • g of ivory. The Asian elephant carries a considerably smaller average tusk weight than the African because few females have tusks and the few that do have small tusks, and there has been hunting selection pressure that has lowered the proportion of bulls carrying tusk
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      There is a hunting selection when it comes to poaching elephant tusks. the Asian elephants have smaller tusks compared to African elephants. -so this shows that the more bigger the tusk, the more the poacher can make better profit.
  • ic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling ivory represents a negative perception of goods, in this case ivory, by potential consumers when they think that the goods were obtained illegally or in
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the pu
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling countries would receive from ivory sales, and the latter term represents a negative perception of good
  • Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Countries with high number of elephant poaching.
  • 3). Because enforcement intensity has not been constant over time in many ivory would not be valid to make across the board comparisons of pre- and post- 1999 ivory seizure da
  • ng and consuming countr
  • of the most activ
  • ching. Rather, evidence suggests that all wildlife poaching and illegal trade are correlated with lax law enforcement, corruption and lack of government investment in wildlife cons
  • ation involving legal national ivory markets in the context of an illegal international ivory trade appears to encourage elephant poaching. Most markets cannot meet demand by legal ivory, thus they resort to illegal ivory. An ideal scenario would involve a legal ivory trade that would benefit range state governments and citizens, supplied by ivory from naturally deceased and culled problem elephants, to supply markets. If range state countries could supply legal ivory to meet demand, poaching would be reduced or even eliminated. Why would a trader assume the risk to buy illegal ivory if legal ivory were available at comparable quality and prices?
  • nd actions must come into effect to deal with increased elephant and other wildlife numbers when conse
  • t conservati
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conservation? Definition: prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
  • ng even after the 1973 and 1989 CITES Asian and African ivory trade bans. The 1990 ban did succeed in lowering the scale of ivory trading at national levels and reducing elephant poaching fro
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The banning of the ivory trade was able to lower the number of people who killed elephants.
  • cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a very interesting reading by Daniel Stiles, it showed how the poaching of elephants became a problem when there was a slight decline in the 1970s to 1980s due to the high number of ivory trading that was taking place at the time. Non-governmental organizations and CITES came up with ways to ban the trade of ivory, of which is the reason why the generation of today is able to know about elephants without being told about them.
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Ivory: Manufactured Luxury | National Museum of American History - 5 views

americanhistory.si.edu/...ivory-manufactured-luxury-0 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cicisebego on 23 Apr 23
     
    This journal article gives us more details on the history of ivory trade. It shows us how the global trade of ivory between African countries and outside countries like the United Nations developed them. Ivory trade had been around for years, but the end of slave trade in the 1800s led to the shift in more people engaging in poaching of elephants for the trade of ivory. The more these trades took place was the more the elephant population got extinct. About 75% of ivory would be shipped to Eastern Africa ports, one can imagine the number of elephants killed to get so much ivory. Everyday life objects would be made like hairbrushes, billiard balls, earrings and many more, so this would attract American buyers.
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elephant distribution.pdf - 6 views

diigo.com/0sdpje Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cicisebego on 23 Apr 23
     
    This is an image by Engell, 1913 which depicts a map of Eastern Africa in the 1890s on the distribution of elephants. It shows various locations in which elephants are located. there are areas where they are rare, common and most common. As you can tell by the image, in other parts of the map (next to Kilimanjaro) elephants were becoming distinct due to the high number of ivory trades that was taking place around time. Ivory was one of the most influential things around the time because it generated a lot of profits for people. Source: Engell, 1913. (the link to the picture is below from Research Gate)
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The Mozambique and Apassa Slave Trade.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0sdgw5 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cicisebego on 22 Apr 23
     
    This primary source by O'Neill shows how there was a great link between slavery and the ivory trade, "the slave trade and ivory are hand and glove" (O'Neill, 1885: 13). The speaker says an increase in the ivory trade due to the number of slaves brought down to Mozambique.
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