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Contents contributed and discussions participated by anda mdlokolo

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Library - Diigo - 0 views

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  • anda mdlokolo on 24 Apr 23
     
    This is a web image of slaves that were being transported by ship to various places in the world. The image shows the level of ill -treatment that these slaves experienced. This is evitable by the physical appearance of the slaves , their bones are evident and they look very malnourished.
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Slavery in Africa - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - 2 views

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  • Slavery in Africa is a very old institution with diverse origins, forms, and ramifications.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the fact that slavery was not a new thing that happened in Africa . It was an act that already existed in various parts of the world.
  • herefore subject to different perceptions and definitions
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery has different perceptions . Some people view it as an act of inhuman whilst others saw slavery mainly as a "business transaction".
  • Forms of servitude like polygyny, tribute payments, and retainership of royal households were practiced in Africa but were not slavery in the strict sense of the word, though they are known to have created enabling conditions for slavery. The history of slavery in the continent shows development from servitude to slavery,
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      In simpler terms , this ,means that African's already practised a sense of having servants work for them in their households and royal kingdoms , however , they did not practise slavery . This then poses a debate cause if African's practised having servants that went through the conditions of slavery , one can argue and say they influenced the mindsets of the Europeans into enslaving the Africans.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The trans-Atlantic, trans–Red Sea/Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan slave trades appear to have been largely responsible for introducing slavery and analogous practices among many African peoples.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      There were other slave trades that existed prior the Trans-Atlantic slave trade , however , the Trans-Atlantic slave trade was labelled and recorded as the biggest slave trade as many Africans were enslaved to European countries and other African countries.
  • slavery is defined as the subjugation of individuals to temporary or permanent involuntary servitude, including using such persons as chattels, as sex slaves, and in rituals. Slavery is not determined by the way an enslaved person is treated but by the fact that the function such a person performs is involuntary.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was the act of "owning " a person. " slaves" were sold to the highest bidder and that bidder had a sense of possession upon that slave . The bidder / the slave -owner had the right to use and treat the slave the way they had desired too. The slaves were treated as sex slaves , labourers and many more . In some regions , the slaves worked for their " masters " which is the slave owner till they die or become unworthy of their services.
  • Though slavery in Africa dates back to the periods of ancient Egypt, Roman imperialism in North Africa, and the epoch of ceremonial kingship of ancient empires of Sudan, it became a terrible experience only during the external slave trade.
  • European colonization of Africa is linked to the trans-slave trade in that it weakened the continent so badly that it did not take much effort on the part of European imperialists to colonize it. It also exposed the rich resources of the continent, which the Europeans exploited with impunity through colonization.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      The trans-Atlantic slave trade led to the colonisation of the African continent by the Europeans , as the Europeans has superiority among the African's and saw the Africans as inferior.
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About Archive - Slavery and Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive - 6 views

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  • Most Americans do not realize that only about 6 percent of the enslaved Africans who crossed the Atlantic came to the present day United States.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      This led to the existence of " Black-Americans" . This terminology came from Africans that were enslaved from Africa and were transported to America as slaves from the Trans-Atlantic slave trade . This slaves then developed their own nationality and belonging in America and called themselves the " Black-Americans".
  • the trans-Atlantic slave trade had already been in progress for more than a century.
  • the abolition of the slave trade in the U.S. in 1808 was not the end of the trade.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a very active slave trade, and U.S. shippers participated in the trade to Cuba, Brazil and other countries until its final ending in 1888. Thus the slave trade was a pan-Atlantic phenomenon that covered half the globe for four centuries.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      The act of slave trade continued till the late 1900s , as some countries made slavery a law and constitutionalised it , hence some countries abolished slavery after a long time.
  • slave trade cannot easily be studied in one country, because the system, which involved many countries from Europe and the Americas, was too complex, multi-lateral, and inter-regional for one thread to be teased out and viewed in isolation.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was an international practised act.
  • The story of slavery does not begin with European ships arriving on the African coast. Slavery was already prefigured by the history of social stratification, war, and captivity in Africa, both before the trans-Atlantic slave trade started, and during the time of the slave trade—before enslaved Africans entered European ships.
  • European merchants had little or no involvement in the first part of the slaves' journey; that portion was in Africa and was generally the work of African rulers, merchants, and sometimes lawless figures like bandits
  • The evidence for slavery in African society, and the complex circumstances that led African elites and merchants to participate in the slave trade on the scale that they did, is largely documented by travelers who visited Africa during that period. European travelers to Africa varied widely in their motivations, background, level of education, and experience.
  • John K. Thornton, Boston University
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