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hlulani

Stanley's Thrilling Record of African Exploration.pdf - 1 views

Hlulani Makumbani

shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • H e n r y M . S t a n l e y , a t t h e h e a d o f h i s e x p l o r a t i o n a n d t h i n g b u t h o r r i b l e f o r m s o f m e n s ql i t t e n w i t h d i s e a s e , r e l i e f e x p e d i t i o n , w h i c h s t a r t e d u p t h e C o n g o , o n t h e b l o a t e d , d i s fi g u r e d . a n d s � a 'r r e d , w h i l e t h e s c e n e i n t h e W e s t A f r i c a n c o as t , i n M a r c h , 1 8 8 7 , a r r i v e d a t B a g o · c a m p , i n f a m o u s f o r t h e m u r d e r o f p o o r B a r t t e l o t b a r e l y m o y o , D e a r Z a n z i b a r , o n t h e e a s t c o a s t , D e c . 4 , w i t h f o u r w e e k s b e f o r e , is s i m p l y s i c k e n i n g . O n t h e s a m e E m i n P a s h a a n d h i s p r i n c i p a l l i e u t e n a n t s a n d a c o n - d a y , 6 0 0 m i l e s w e s t o f t h i s c a m p , J a m e s o n , w o r n o u t s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f f o l l o w e r s . T h e d a y f o l l o w i n g a w i t h f a t i g u e , s i c k n e s s , a n d s o r r o w , b r e a t h e s h i s l as t . s e r i o u s , i f n o t f a t a l . a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d t o E w i n , w h o , O n t h e n e x t d a y , A u g u s t 1 8 , 6 0 0 m i l e s e a s t , E w i n b e i n g n e a r · s i g h t e d , m i s j u d g e d t h e h e i g h t o f a b a l c o n y P a s h a a n d m y o ffi c e r , J e p h s o n , a r e s u d d e n l y s u r r o u n d ­ i n a b u i l d i n g w h e r e h e w a s b e i n g b a n q u e t e d , a n d f e l l a e d b y i n f u r i a t e d r e b e l s , w h o m e n a c e t h e m w i t h l o a d e d d i s t a n c e o f t w e n t y f e e t . T h i s s e e m s s t r i k i n g l y l i k e a r i fl e s a n d i n s t a n t d e a t h , b u t f o r t u n a t e l y t h e y r e l e n t c o n t i n u a n c e o f t h e f a t a l i s m o r p r o v i d e n c e w h i c h S t a n l e y a n d o n l y m a k e t h e m p r i s o u e r s , t o be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e a p p e a r s t o t h i n k h a s b e e n a d o m i n a n t f a c t o r w i t h h i m M a h d i s t s . H a v i n g s a v e d B o n n y o u t o f t h e j a w s o f t h r o u g h o u t h i s l a s t e x p e d i t i o n , a s s e t f o r t h i n h i s o w n d e a t h , w e a r r i v e a s e c o n d t i m e a t A l b e r t N y a n z a , t o w o r d s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r i l l i n g r e c o r d o f p e r i l , a d v e n · fi n d E m i n P a s h a a n d J e p h s o n p r i s o n e r s i n d a i l y e x ­ t u r e , s u ff e r i n g , a n d e n d u r a n c e , w h i c h c o m e s b y c a b l e p e c t a t i o n o f t h e i r d o o ll l. t o t h e N e w Y o r k H e r a l d . H e s a y s : J e p h s o n ' s o w n l e t t e r s w i l l d e s c r i b e h i s a n x i e t y . N o t F i r s t o f a l l I a m i n p e r f e c t h e a l t h , a n d f e e l l i k e a u n t i l b o t h w e r e i n m y c a m p a n d t h e E g y p t i a n f u g i ­ l a b o r e r o f a S a t u r d a y e v e n i n g r e t u r n i u g h o m e w i t h h i s t i v e s u n d e r o u r p r o t e c t i o n d i d I b e g i n t o s e e t h a t I w e e k ' s w o r k d o n e , h i s w e e k ' s w a g e s i n h i s p o c k e t , a n d w a s o n l y c a r r y i n g o u t a h i g h e r p l a n t h a n m i n e . M y g l a d t h a t t o m o r r o w i s t h e S a b b a t h . o w n d e s i g n s w e r e c o n s t a n t l y f r u s t r a t e d b y u n h a p p y J u s t a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s a g o , w h i l e l e c t u r i n g i n N e w c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I e n d e a v o r e d t o s t e e r m y c o u r s e n , s d i E n g l a u d , a m e s s a g e c a ll i " m u n d e r t h e s e a b i d d i n g r e e t a s p o s s i b l e , b u t t; h e r e w a s a n u n a c c o u n t a b l e i n fl u m e t o h a s t e n a n d t a k e f "t. - ! s s i o n t o r e l i e v e E m i n e n c e a t t h e h e l m . P a s h a a t W a d e l a i ; b
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      The author explores Africa by looking into the nature, the history of the nineetenth century where he discovers more about the roots of Africa. For instace, who explores Africa, was it the nature or culture? This article is related to the historical content of Exploration Africa.
siphamandlagiven

26053212.pdf( https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A3f... - 2 views

siphamandla lebea 221028179

shared by siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      ivory trade has only gotten worse with the years in eastern Africa .according to the convention international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora Tanzania and Kenya(both eastern countries0are in the top 10 countries in the word with the highest levels of illegal ivory trade .between the years 2009-2014 about 100000 elephants were killed for their ivory which is very high for 5 years compared to the 1800s
  • a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s
  • d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s . T h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y i m p o r t e d i n t o ( h e a t B r i t a i n i n 1 8 7 5 w a s 6 8 0 t u n s , t h e l a r g e s t i n a n y y e a r b e t w e e n t h a t t i m e a n d 1 8 4 2 , w h e n i t w a s o n l y 2 !J 7 t u n s : t h e l o w e s t b e i n g 1 8 4 4 , b u t 2 1 1 t u n s . 'f,
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      the vast majority of this imports being from eastern African countries mainly Kenya and Tanzania
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
fortunatem

Ivory.pdf - 2 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      British cutlery and billiard ball producers frequently claim that ivory will become a thing of the past but the facts do not seem to support their statements.
  • c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g , f r o m t h e B T i t i 8 li M a i l , M e s s r s . L e w i s & P e a t , c o l o n i a l b r o k e r s , h a v e i s s u e d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t. o f t h e m o d e r n i v o r y t r a d e , w h i c h , t h o u g h s h o w i n g g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c e 1 8 4 2 , i s a m e r e s h a d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s .
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      According to a report by Peat and Lewis, the British mail Deliverers, the present ivory trade has greatly improved since 1875. 680nturns were imported into Great Britain in total in 1875 which was the most imports from that time until 1842.
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The imports for the previous year for the ivory trade were probably worth at least $2,500,000. More imports traveled through Egypt than the previous year, while fewer traveled through Zanzibar and Bombay. More traveled through South Africa and less traveled through East Africa
talha09noor

Part 6.pdf - 0 views

shared by talha09noor on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • T H E S L A V E T R A D E A B O L I T I O N C O M P A C T b e t w e e n M a u r i t i u s a n d M a d a g a s c a r , h u m b u g t o s o l d i e r s i n M a u r i t i u s b u t a v e r y r e a l s t r o k e o f B r i t i s h p o l i c y t o t h e B o u r b o n F r e n c h , w a s m a d e f r o m L e R e d u i t , i n d e f i a n c e o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p a l M a l a g a s y s l a v e a g e n t J e a n R e n e a t t h e p o r t o f T a m a t a v e o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f M a d a g a s c a r , b y h i s o v e r l o r d , m a j o r s l a v e s o u r c e , a n d u n d e r B r i t i s h u r g i n g h i s r e l u c t a n t b l o o d b r o t h e r , t h e M e r i n a k i n g R a d a m a I i n l a n d a t T a n a n a r i v e
    • talha09noor
      talha09noor on 25 Apr 23
       
      Even though there wasnt much movement of slave trade, the slave trade between mauritius and madagascar has been abolished with the british acting as mediator
puseletsomonyeki

Dr. Livingstone's New African Expedition.pdf - 1 views

Puseletso Monyeki History 2A

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • t h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d , t h a t t h e v e s s e l w h i c h h a s r e c Q n t l y s a i l e d w i t h t h e n o w c e l e ­ b r a t e d D r . L i v i n g s t o n e f o r t h e s o u t h e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a , h a s o n b o a r d a p e c u l i a r s t e a m b o a t , p r o v i d e d b y t h e B r i t i s h G O Y e r n m e n t , t o e n a b l e t h e v e t e r a n t r a v e l e r t o p r o s e c u t e h i s i n v e s t i g a ­ t i o n o f t h e Z a m b e s i R i v e r .
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr David Livingstone is one of the famous missionaries and explorers of Africa. He was the first person to discover the Zambezi river.
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 0 views

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But his rise to power was probably also the result of tides that had been running in the life of the African peoples for two centuries: the rising population in the interior of Africa, the emigration from the interior that was crowding the pas­ ture lands of Natal, and the increasing contacts with European settlers and traders. Shaka's abrupt, brief and bloody appearance in history thus provides sig­ nificant inSights into the all too Iittle­ known history of the "Dark Continent."
  • Shaka had built this disciplined na­ tion and army in less than 10 years after he became chief of a small tribe of about 2,000 people
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r .
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • The castaways, like many modern students of African history, were in­ clined to regard the natives as "savages" who would attack and rob strangers un­ less frightened away. This was surely not the case; the tribes were well-organ­ ized societies with elaborate codes of law and ethics. A careful survey of the records has convinced me that the na­ tives did not slaughter and steal only when they felt they were stronger than the shipwrecked party, and trade and parley only when they were afraid; the situation was much more complicated. The natives had a great need for iron, copper and other metals: many of their javelins were made of wood hardened by fire, and in some tribes women cul­ tivated with sticks rather than with iron hoes. They
  • Seven fairly complete journals kept by castaways show that the parties were attacked either in years of widespread drought or after the invasion of locusts, when food was short among the natives; or when they were wrecked just before the harvest and the natives were in want as they waited for the new crops
  • 1,he journals and the native traditions make it clear that Natal was occu­ pied by a great number of small inde­ pendent tribes organized around kinship groups
  • Even in bad years, however, castaways who dropped out of the march from weakness were often succored by the very people who had been harassing them. Men from later shipwrecks occasionally met these cast­ aways; often they had been given cattle, wives and land, and had assumed im­ portant places among their saviors.
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • Without doubt economic forces were at work along with personal ambition in this process of political fission
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship. According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them al
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • Iɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `Nɍ3Èɍ E-ɍ$ɍtǂñ"ɍJ$ǃ$,ɍ áɍɍ0 Ā-=ɍ t<`ɍ $FJ-$ɍ n‰ɍ ɍ‰ ɍ.ɍ`ɍɍ$tf Ƕ#ɍ ɍ ťƌ ɍ `Çɍ ɍ Ț– ɍ  ɍ œ‰š R5ɍ`ǿEțĴɍ ɍ Bɍɍ y`F-ɍ ɍ $ɍ XǙɍ dž-ɍ 4ɍ ` ɍ .- 5
  • 3 -- /-Rɍ nɍc Óɍ ɍ nç -ɍɍɍɍɍÊ–ȅȽɍ ɍ 5ɍ D ɍ ɍ 5=ɍ ɍ  ɍ =ɍ ɍ$/ɍɍRɍɍ-f  ɍɍ -ɍFɍ--ɍɍ
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 2 views

Aneziwe Mkhungo

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Shaka then raised the stick in his hand and after striking with it right and left and springing out from amidst the chiefs, the whole mass broke from thei
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship
  • ɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them all
  • _'ɍ BVɍ 3 Đɍ ɍ 5Öɍ YBRɍ/5ɍ ɍ$ɍ$çɍ ɍɍc -Í
  • 3ÇEɍ 5ɍ DŽɍ B–ɍ ɍJɍ $ī0  =ɍ -5Úę- ɍ PVɍ Œɍ ȱɍÐĊɍ  ɍɍ$$-ɍɍɅ ƍt.ɍ ɍ ɍ Pɍ ɍ ɍ ”` =ɍ ɍ (ɍ @XȻɍ ɍ Ê÷ɍ ɍ ɍ $ ɍ ǭ ɍ ɍ Fɍ ɍ ɍ ɍ RɍɍȵD-ɍ ɍ –Dȥ4ɍ XPɍ sɍ
  • Shaka himself had had no children. He said that a son would kill him for the throne.
  • He forbade his men to marry or have sexual relations with women until he gave them permission to do so in middle age, and he quartered all his men in great barracks, as in any modern army.
  • Shaka became a conqueror because he was born into a system where changes in the ratio of population to land, and perhaps increased trade with Europeans through intermediary lands, were pro­ ducing a drive toward the emergence of an overlord of the region.
  • aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23
     
    The Zulu empire rose in the 19th century under the leadership of its founder shaka. This article highlights how he introduced new military tactics, including the use of short stabbing spears and large cowhide shields, and created a strict military discipline within his army. Even after Shaka's death, the Zulu empire continued to flourish under the rule of Cetshwayo kaMpande in 1879, but the Boers eventually defeated the Zulu army in the Ulundi battle resulting in a British invasion in 1879. Even though the empire was turned into a Natal colony but the Zulu culture continued to survive.
nmapumulo

Ivory.pdf - 1 views

Nobuhle Mapumulo222111421

shared by nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • JUNE
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i
    • nmapumulo
      nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Rhinoceros horns were imported in 1874, they valued a lot.
masindi0906

131867085.pdf - 2 views

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A b y ssin ia n C h ris tia n ity as p e rso n a l relig io n is h ard ly b etter. I t is a b u rd e n o f form s, a n d n o th in g m ore.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Abyssinia Christianity is not much better as a personal religion. It is merely an aesthetic burden.
  • B u t th e ir C h ris tia n ity ! W h y has n o t th a t s h a p e d a b e tte r c h a ra c te r ? A cu rio u s C h ristian ity in d e e d I
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      However, they are Christian! Why didn't that produce a more positive character? What a strange Christianity!
  • Considering, therefore, what kind of a Christianity it is, it would be simply absurd to expect from the Abyssinian religion any profound in­ fluence for good upon the individual character.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, given the type of Christianity it is, it would be ludicrous to expect the Abyssinian religion to have a significant positive impact on a person's character.
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    link does not work
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 5 views

NM MABUZA 222121134

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes which are imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the ability to modify all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with them.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the route they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe had crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika. Latitude-this is the angular distance of a place , north or south of the earth's equator and is usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, it does not include the seconds in its measurements.
  • , has been laid down from a rough Ms. map prepared by the traveller. Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley were determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by t5he moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The travelers discovered that in this area there were many people residing but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had died after being bitten by the tsetse tsetse insects because they are the most prone animals to this parasites. Tsetse-this is a large biting fly found normally in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the travelers to a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Africa.
  • Most of the villages are inhabited by Basenga. It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • wana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory, have a station, lies within this district.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      People who lived in Bwana Hill traded slaves and ivory.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still within the journey, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their origin villages fearing Merere.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      is is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the Western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River in Malawi are stipulated and how people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mongone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their lands are mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth but yet the cassava plant was grown there and many other food plants. Cassava-this is a nutty-flavored starchy, root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to the people who had fled from their villages.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Five miles to
  • e north of it a river of similar dimensions, the Chiwetwi, enters the lake. The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters the travelers had seen along their journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 4 views

NM MABUZA

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes are the imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • Mr. O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the abilities of modifying all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with their measurements.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the routes they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika.
  • latitude
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the angular distance of a place, north or south of the earth's equator and its usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, latitudes do not include the seconds in their measurements.
  • Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley was determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by the moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still travelling, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their own villages.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the two travelers in a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Afruica.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the travelers were camping nearby Kambomba's town they discovered that in this area there were many people who resided there, but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had all died from the tsetse insect bites because they are the most prone animals to these parasites. tsetse-this is a large bittng fly found mostly in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River are stipulated and it also explains how the people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mangone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their land is mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth, but yet the cassava plant is grown there and many other plants used as food. cassava plant-this is a nutty-flavored starchy , root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to people who had fled from their places.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Bwana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered that in the Bwana Hill they had a slave and ivory trade.
  • The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters from the travelers journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
olwethusilindile

zulu and their langauge.pdf - 1 views

Olwethu Visasa 220117155

shared by olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE ZULU AND OTHER DIALECTS,
  • IN the following article, I propose to communicate such facts concerning the languages or dialects of this part of Africa, as I have been able to ascertain, either by my own study and observation, or from the works of others more learned and experienced on the subject than myself
  • I shall, in the first place, endeavor to present some of the more important characteristics and principles of the Zulu dialect, which is the language of the natives in the colony of Natal, and of the Amazulu, to the north-east of this colony; and shall afterwards speak of the dialects of Southern Africa, generally.
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zulu dialect, Amazulu, and Southern African dialects discussed.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • ON THE ZULU DIALECT.
  • ON THE ZULU DIALECT
  • The elementary sounds of the Zulu are twenty-six in number, which we represent by the letters of the English alphabet: a, b, c, d, e,
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      !!!!
  • They are divided into vowels, consonants, and clicks. The vowels are five in number, viz: a as in father; e as a in name; i as ee in meet; o as in pole; and u as oo in pool. The consonants are nearly the same as in English, except that g is always hard, as in give, and r is a guttural; g and j sometimes become nasalized by the sound of n put before them, as gi or ngi, je or nje; and by some tribes y is substituted for 1, as sila or siya, to grind; p and b are interchangeable, as ibetya or ipetya.
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      Vowels are five, consonants are similar to English, and clicks are interchangeable. Vowels are hard, consonants are nasalized, and clicks are interchangeable.
  • Syllabification.
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing
  • Syllabification
  • Euphony
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      pleasing or sweet sound; especially : the acoustic effect produced by words so formed or combined as to please the ear
  • Euphony
  • The euphonic or alliteral concord causes the initial element of the noun, a letter, a syllable, or syllables, to re-appear as the initial element of the adjective agreeing with the noun; requires the pronoun to assume a form corresponding to the initial of the noun for which it stands; and detaches the important part of the initial of the governing noun, to assist in forming a bond of connection with and control over the noun, or pronoun, governed in the genitive. This often causes the repetition of the same letter or letters at the beginning of several words, and points out all the various modifications and limitations of the subject or the object in a sentence; alike promoting in a high degree a soft, fluent, and harmonious enunciation, and imparting distinctness, precision, and force to the expression of ideas. Take, for example, izimvu zami zi ya li zua ilizui lami, literally, (the) sheep of me they do it hear (the) voice of me, i. e. my sheep hear my voice. Here the euphonic letter z in zami, and the pronoun zi, point directly to the initial izim of the noun izimvu; while the pronoun li, and the euphonic letter I in lami, point to the initial
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      summary The euphonic or literal concord causes the initial element of the noun to re-appear as the initial element of the adjective agreeing with it, and requires the pronoun to assume a form corresponding to the initial of the noun for which it stands. This helps to promote a soft, fluent, and harmonious enunciation and impart distinctness, precision, and force to the expression of ideas.
  • Accentuation.
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      the act of emphasizing a particular feature of something or making something more noticeable, or an instance of this
  • Nouns.
  • This dialect is rich in nouns denoting different objects of the same genus, according to some variety of color, redundancy or deficiency of members, or some other peculiarity; thus, one noun signifies "a cow," another "a red cow," another "a brown cow," another "a white cow," another "a barren cow," etc. Abstract nouns are generally derived from adjectives by prefixing ubu, as: kulu, great; ubukulu, greatness. Proper names are taken from some object or incident in common life, thus: Untaba comes from intaba, a mountain; Ubalekile signifies "she has run away." There are very few nouns expressing the abstractions of mind, or spiritual things. Every noun consists of two parts: the initial, and the radical. The initial, whether a single letter or a syllable, is that part of the noun, which, in a modified form, re-appears in the beginning of all adjectives agreeing with it; from which also its pronoun is derived; and by which the number, class, and condition of the noun are determined. The rest of the noun is called the radical, or root. For example: um is the initial, andfazi the root, of the noun urnfazi, a woman; in the initial, and to the root, of the noun into, a thing. This initial element has sometimes been called a prefix. It is not, however, a prefix, but an essential part of the noun, without which the noun is not a noun, is not complete, and has no signification. The initial of a noun, in impressing its image upon an adjective, and in undergoing various inflections to assist in indicating the number and condition of the noun, bears a strong resemblance to the terminations of a noun in Latin and Greek. The initial elements and euphonic letters of the several classes are as follows:
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      summary This dialect is rich in nouns denoting different objects of the same genus. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives by prefixing ubu, and proper names are taken from common life. Nouns consist of two parts: the initial and the radical. The initial element is an essential part of the noun, and is re-appears in the beginning of all adjectives agreeing with it.
  • The negative idea is affixed to verbs chiefly by means of the particles a and nga, thus: (1) a is inserted before the pronoun nominative, or nga before the verb, in all the modes and tenses, a, as the final vowel of a root, being changed into i in the indicative present and the imperative, and into i or e in the potential present, past, and future; (2) nga is appended to the verb in the indicative past; (3) nge is often used for nga in the potential; (4) the auxiliary ya, or za, is always omitted in the negative form of the indicative present. See the paradigm,
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      The particles a and nga are primarily used to add the negative idea to verbs, as shown below: (1) an is inserted before the pronoun nominative, or nga before the verb, in all the modes and tenses, with a, as the final vowel of a root, being changed into i in the indicative present and the imperative, and into i or ein in the potential present, past, and future; (2) nga is appended to the verb in the consider the paradigm
  • Prepositions.
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in 'the man on the platform', 'she arrived after dinner', 'what did you do it for ?'
  • manme! mamo! Derivation of Wo
  • I have thus endeavored to present some of the leading features of the Zulu dialect, as fully as time would allow; and so to do it, that a comparison between this and any other languages of the Continent, of which a similar account should be given, might be intelligibly instituted. I shall next condense such information as I have been able to obtain either here, or at Cape Town, respecting the dialects of Southern Africa gener
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Zulu dialect is compared to other languages of the Continent, and the dialects of Southern Africa are discussed.
  • II. CLASSIFICATION OF DIALECTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA.
  • the Alliterative
  • ul. Its most remarkable and distinguishing feature is its alliteration, or euphonic concord, which is a peculiar assimilation of initial sounds, produced by prefixing the same letter, or letters, to several words in the same proposition, related to, or connected with one another. This principle has been already briefly presented in my remarks upon the Zulu dialect, where it is found in one of its most perfect for
  • e Zulu dialect is spoken by the natives in Natal colony; b
  • o tribes from which the names of the dialects are taken. The Zulu being the farthest removed from foreign tongues, especially the Hottentot, is comparatively free of clicks and words of foreign extraction, in both which the Kafir abounds.
  • north-west of the Amazulu, and extending nearly to Delagoa bay. The language of the Amaswazi has been reckoned as of the Fingo branch, though in many of its features it rather resembles the Zulu dialect. Indeed, all the dialects of the Fingo branch seem to approximate nearer to the Zulu than to the Kafir, in every respect, with the exception of consonantal changes, which are its peculiar feature.
  • oman umfazi masari masari. 3. The Damara family includes the dialects spoken by the Damara tribes which dwell on the western coast of Africa, between Benguela and Namaqualand, or from about 17? to 23? of South Latitude, and from the coast to about 19? of East Longitulde. The Damaras are divided into two branches, called the Hill Damaras, and the Cattle Damaras or Damaras of the Plain. The dialect of the Hill Damaras, who live immediately to the north and north-east of Namaqualand, is the same as that of the Namaquas, and is therefore included in the Click Class of African tongues. But the dialect of the Damaras of the Plain, who dwell beyond the Hill Damaras, is evidently cognate with the Sechuana and Zulu families. This affinity was first noticed by Rev. Mr. Archbell, for a time a missionary among the Bechuanas, and the author of a Sechuana grammar, who made the Damaras two visits, one by way of Walwich bay, and the other by way of Namaqualand; and his opinion has since been confirmed by
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Damara family includes the dialects spoken by the Damara tribes on the western coast of Africa, divided into two branches: the Hill Damaras and the Cattle Damaras. The Hill Damaras dialect is the same as the Namaquas, while the Damaras of the Plain dialect is cognate with the Sechuana and Zulu families.
  • The language of the Koniunkues is soft and musica
  • The foregoing is the amount of the most authentic and recent information which I have been able to obtain, here and in Cape colony, respecting the languages of those numerous aboriginal tribes of Africa which dwell south of Jebel elKumr, or the Mountains of the Moon. I have already drawn out the subject to such an extent that I will say nothing of their probable orig
    • olwethusilindile
      olwethusilindile on 26 Apr 23
       
      The most important idea is that the languages of the various African tribes are authentic and recent.
katlegomodiba

An Ascent of Kilimanjaro.pdf - 1 views

Katlego Modiba History 2A

shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Read at the Meeting of the Society, 27 November 1922. SINCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848, and since Sir Harry Johnston's pioneer work on the upper slopes in 1884, eighteen men and at least one lady had reached the icy rim of the great crater on its summit. The first Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. Dr. Foerster, a German settler at Moshi,
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is a journal article by C. Gillman about some expedition in Mount Kilimanjaro. The writer describes the mount Kilimanjaro and how it was and the conditions there.
  • NCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848,
  • on the upper slopes in 1884, e
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • t Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. D
  • anjaro, and t
  • anjaro, and th
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro is located in the country Tanzania which in the Eastern part of the continent Africa. Kilimanjaro is one of Africa's tallest mountains at about 5, 895 meters and 19,340 feet. Many explorers, explored this mountain because it is well known in Africa and this mount changed how many explorers viewed Africa, it is well known that most Europeans viewed Africa as a continent that is
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Of course, many of the tallest mountains in the world and a number of volcanoes on the central and South American plateaus are higher than Kilimanjaro at sea level, but their bases, whether mountain chains or plateaus, are already at a significant altitude, whereas here the slopes rise uninterruptedly for 5,200 meters above plains below(800 meters) to the summit of Kibo.
  • ly ste
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a summit can be described as the highest point of a hill or a mountain.
  • y ste
  • aphical base to the top. Many peaks of the world's big fold mountains, several volcanoes on the Central and South American plateaus are of course actually higher above sea-level than Kilimanjaro, but their base, be it a chain or a plateau, lies already at a considerable altitude, whilst here t
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
  • bove. From a base about 80 kms. in diameter, the slopes rise very gently at first, and, gradually steepening towards the summit, produce that slightly concave outline so characteristic of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating the fact that the earlier lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were m
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slopes rise very gently at first, gradually steepening towards the summit to create that slightly concave outline so distinctive of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating that older lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were more viscous. The slopes begin at a base that is about 80 km in diameter.
  • -volcano. The three cones whose centres of eruption lie on an almost straight line running west to east, are Shira in the west, Kibo in the centre, and Mavenzi in the east. Shira, the oldest, 4000 metres high, is to-day only a ruin with the remains of its former crater-wall forming a ragged more or less horizontal spur protruding from the western slope of its
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three cones are namely Shira, Kibo and Mavenzi. Shira is the oldest and is only 4000 meters high, while Mvenzi is only 5270 meters high and Kibo is the highest with 5930 meters high.
  • Structurally Kilimanjaro consists of three single strato-volcanoes, each of which has had its own
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Here the writer simply tells us that mount Kilimanjaro is made up three separate starti-volcanoes and each have their own history and origin
  • eighbour. The second in age is Mavenzi, 5270 metres high, whose former crater, though much destroyed by erosion, is still well recognizable and opens by two deep barrancos towards the north-east. The centre is taken up by Kibo, 5930 metres, the youngest and highest of the three component volcanoes, and the only one which still shows an intact crater and a perpetu
  • rin
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kibo summit is the highest point of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania located in the mountain's arctic zone.
  • called Sa
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least on side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earth's land.
  • tless small parasitic cones the .middle and lower slopes of the main massif. One of these cones, right down at the foot of the mountain in its south-east corner, has a large crater fllled by the beautiful emerald-green waters of lake Chala.
  • limatic features of Kilimanjaro are determined by three main factors: (1) the mountain's position in the equatorial region of continuous trade winds; (2) the isolation of a huge mass of rock rising from a level plain; and (3) the great height above this plain which brings the upper regions of the mountain well within the zone of the anti-tr
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They are also called westerlies.
  • ins. The results are ascending winds during the day and descending winds at night, the mountain winds being stronger over the southern than over the n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This are the results of trades that bring vapour from the Indian Ocean that blows and that's what happens as soon as they approach the mountain.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column influenced by them much larger. It is these mountain winds which, by altering the horizontal direction of the trade as it strikes Kilimanjar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The daily cycle is controlled by the mountain's winds, which change the trade's horizontal direction as it approaches Kilimanjaro.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column inf
  • alt
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      it is difficult to understand this word, so it makes the whole sentence not to be understandable.
  • opes, to arctic
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the weather there is drier, with less snow in the winter and sunny summer days
  • o well dis
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      discernible means to be visible or noticeable.
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EA
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EAST
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows how the mount Kilimanjaro looks like when one is viewing it from the north-east side. its a picture by C. Dundas
  • MAVENZI AND THE SADDLE PLATEAU FROM THE CAVE ON KIB
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A picture of how Mavenzi summit and saddle plateau looks like
  • n the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow o
  • the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow or
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is something interesting about the explorers who were able to identify the five zones of Kilimanjaro and the meters they all have.
  • ent-da
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on Mountains. glaciers were found in summit Kibo all present day.
  • n or meteorological con
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      meteorological conditions are determined by the wind velocity and direction, the air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and the stabilityy class.
  • a peculia
  • Kibo, however, shows a peculiarity, unique as far as our knowledge goes, in that its large central crater forms an island-like region of fusion, interrupting the region of feeding, t
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      peculiarity is a strange or unusual feature or habit
  • l
  • latter thus being of annular shape and enclosing a dischargeless glacier ar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The summit Kibo exhibits a characteristic that is unique to our knot in that its massive center crater divides the feeding zone into an island-like region of fusion and an annular region that is surrounded by a discharge-free glacier area.
  • ior Commissioner of Moshi, Messrs. P. Nason and F. J. Miller, and myself. The first day's march of seven hours took us through cultivated Chaga Land in an easterly direction to the little kingdom of Marang'u, which had supplied the porters for most of the former expeditions, and whence a good path leads through the forest belt. This march across the lower slopes of the mountain entailed a good many ups and downs caused by the deeply eroded radial valleys, but it also afforded us a fair insight into the life of a most interesting people. Nowhere in East Africa have I seen anything approaching the high standard of culture that is exhibited by the sturdy inhabitants of the cultivated zone of Kilimanjaro
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the mountain was fascinating
  • little chieftaincies
  • Grouped together in a number of little chieftaincies, the Wachaga are certainly a happy blend of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman. This is very probably due to the initiative of powerful and despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, led the masses to more intensive labour and thus to higher forms of civilization, and have understood how to make the best of the very favourable conditions which the well-watered mountain
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The explorers viewed the Wachagga as unquestionably a successful fusion of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman, grouped together in a number of small chieftaincies. This is very likely a result of the initiative of strong, despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, drove the populace toward more intense labour and, consequently, toward higher forms of civilization, and who also knew how to make the most of the favorable conditions that the well-watered mountain sloped offered. it is interesting that the slopes are watered
  • o abe
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      abeyance means a state of temporary disuse or suspension
  • rd but healthy work are well built, sturdy, and tough. To see their women balancing huge bundles of thatch descend along a steep and slippery path, slim and erect, is a fine sight. And as to the men, our porters gave a good exhibition of their staying powe
  • tropical forest, we rested on the lowest patch of grass at about 2000 metres. A further climb of a little more than an hour took us through the temperate rain-forest to the lowest of Dr. Foerster's huts (2730 metres), which we reached soon after noo
  • e advantages of the cool dark shade. It probably requires the trained eye of the botanist to distinguish between the lower and upper tropical rain-forest. As far as I could see they both agree in their main characteristics, i.e. tall trees growing out into the light from a dense undergrowth, and large smooth shiny leaves adapted to a highly increased transpira
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was difficult for explorers to distinguish the difference between the lower and upper tropical forest because they had similar features
  • The abundance of moisture with which the plants have to deal during most of the year up there in the mean altitude of the daily mists is aggravated by the comparative coolness of the climate. Mere enlarging of the transpiring leaf surface and the tropical devices for letting the water drip off no longer suffice. Other means had to be developed to deal with the altered environment. The leaves again become smaller and are often covered with thin hair, which, while allowing the surplus water to drip off easily, may also be regarded as pro
  • ht and heat there. The uppermost portion of the temperate forest consists almost entirely of tree-heather growing to a height of io to 15 metres. A most curious fact, and one which requires further investigation, is the absence of that bamboo belt which is found everywhere in East Africa above the rain-forest and, according to Uhlig, is particularly well developed on Mount Meru, only some 80 miles distant from
  • I wish to add a few words on the economic function of the forest be
  • he agriculture of the Wachaga, and with it their further progress towards civilization, but also the development of the European plantations in the lower regions of Kilimanjaro, depend in the first instance on that continuous and ample supply of water which the mountain guarantees them. It seems, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand clearly the agencies which influence this life-spending ele
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The mountain supplies the lower regions plantations of the Europeans with water. The question is why can't they just get water from rivers or even from the rainfall?
  • e perennial stre
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      perennial streams are streams that have continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall
  • usal n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point
  • But the meteorological conditions of the mountain are such that a considerable portion of the vapour-laden atmosphere reaches the
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the course
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the cours
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Did the explorers actually watch everything that happened in the mountains
  • d awa
nikilithandamase18

Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa.pdf - 4 views

Innocentia Yaka 222090651 guns

shared by nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • of G
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      to get possession of something or to obtain (something) by particular care and effort.
  • n th
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional and/or part-time soldiers; citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel.
  • even
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Advent is a season observed in most Christian denominations as a time of expectant waiting and preparation for both the celebration of the Nativity of Christ at Christmas and the return of Christ at the Second Coming
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • Boer fronti
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      a man living in the region of a frontier, especially that between settled and unsettled country
  • r marksm
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      a person skilled in shooting
  • ge, shortcha
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      insufficient information which was at this case an analysis
  • er. High-status workers fought to preserve old skills as industrialists introduced new technologies that depended less
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      This can also be seen with the current stage of the 4th industrial revolution as it is replacing the human resource e.g. Mc Donald's has a machine for customers to place orders and as time goes the cashiers will lose their jobs.
  • e Skulki
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      keep out of sight, typically with a sinister or cowardly motive
  • st adro
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      in a clever or skilful way
  • Griqu
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Griqua was the name given to a mixed-race culture in the Cape Colony of South Africa, around the 17th and 18th century (Taylor, 2020)
  • ialist heg
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others
  • The X
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Xhosa people, or Xhosa-speaking people are a Nguni ethnic group whose traditional homeland is primarily the Cape Provinces of South Africa
  • Khoisa
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      is a catch-all term for those indigenous peoples of Southern Africa who do not speak one of the Bantu languages, combining the Khoekhoen
  • The S
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Sotho people, also known as the Basuto or Basotho (/bæˈsuːtuː/), are a Bantu nation native to southern Africa. Basothos have inhabited the region of Lesotho, South Africa since around the fifth century CE.
  • u
  • redcoat desert
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the term "redcoat" was a derogatory one, used as a "name of contempt for a soldier" with the word "soldier" itself being described as "one who serves for pay". In the American colonies the term "lobster" was applied to the redcoat soldier.
  • by ethnograp
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures
  • bricolag
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      construction (as of a sculpture or a structure of ideas) achieved by using whatever comes to handsomething constructed in this way
  • : "mimeomorp
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mimeomorphic actions are actions that we want to do the same way every time, almost as though we were machines
  • e Mfen
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The amaMfengu (in the Xhosa language Mfengu, plural amafengu) was a reference of Xhosa clans whose ancestors were refugees that fled from the Mfecane in the early 19th century to seek land and protection from the Xhosa and have since been assimilated into the Xhosa cultural way of life
  • oot
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling
  • muzzle-loa
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      muzzleloading is the sport or pastime of firing muzzleloading guns
  • e, fli
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Flintlock is a general term for any firearm that uses a flint-striking ignition mechanism, the first of which appeared in Western Europe in the early 16th century.
  • s to breechloa
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
       
      A breechloader is a firearm in which the user loads the ammunition (cartridge or shell) via the rear (breech) end of its barrel, as opposed to a muzzleloader, which loads ammunition via the front (muzzle)
  • nikilithandamase18 on 25 Apr 23
     
    JSTOR Article: secondary source
puseletsomonyeki

298_1.tif.pdf - 1 views

Puseletso Monyeki History 2A

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The E.~rl of Clarendon, in a despatch written to Sekeletu (who, at that time, was considered the paramount chief on the Zambesi), which was sent by the hands of Livingstone, said :-- "Ours is a great commercial and Christiau nation, and we desire to live in pea~e with -dl men. We wish others to sleep soundly as well as ourselves : and we hate the tra.de in slaves. We are the children of one conmmn Father ; and the slave. trade being hatehd to Him, we give you a proof of our desire to promote your pro- sperity by joining you in the attempt to open up your country to peaceful commerce.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Charles Livingstone played is significant role in the spread of christianity. This proves that not only did he embark on investigating the Zambezi river, he also spread christianity all over and attempted to abolish slavery.
  • With this view the Queen sends a small steam-vessel to sail along the river Zambesi, which you k~ww and agq'eed to be the best pathway for con,:eying merchandise, and for the purpose of e.~loring ~.ehich Dr. Livingstone left you the last time
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how famous and powerful Dr Livingstone was and the impact he left on his people.
  • lh'. Livingstone, in a subsequent expedition, unaided and alone, dis- covered Lakes Bangweolo and Moero, and the head-waters of the Upper C.ngo (Lualaba), and fixed the true orientation of Lake Tanganyika. Thomson, Consul O'Neill, and other British explorers, have assisted in mapping out and making known the Lakes Region of Africa. No Portuguese travellers have added to their knowledge.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Livingstone is the first European to ever cross the continent from west to east and discovered many rivers and lakes in Africa.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The Scottish Churches have been at work there for twelve years, and the English Universities Mission for twenty-six years. A British Consul is attached to Nyassa. The result of these agencies has been (1) to open up a fine route into Central Africa; (2) to create legitimate commerce, and to employ native labour ; (3) to ameliorate the condition of the natives; and (4) to check the slave-trade, tribal wars, and barbarous practices.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Livingstone aimed at bringing commerce and the abolishment of slavery through the introduction of christianity.
makheda

South African Exploration - 3 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • II. Smith, Eider, and Co., London, 1838. This is t
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This Article portrays the Theme of the Natural History in Africa. Dr. Smith who was a zoologist explorer explored the Central and Southern Africa to study the natural beauty and animals in Africa.
  • It i
  • s
  • ...93 more annotations...
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • t is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journe
  • election from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • home by the ex
  • brough
  • from
  • selection
  • rom the zoological collections
  • a
  • t. It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      * It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the expedition that ventured into Central Africa some years ago under the care and supervision of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are primarily indebted for the entire planning and execution of the journey.
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey. Th
  • he care and supe~nteudence of
  • brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smit
  • a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex-
  • ection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated int
  • into
  • Africa under
  • a
  • penetrated
  • ince
  • since
  • edition which som
  • years
  • Centr
  • e
  • netrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose
  • nce penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • selection
  • to whose persevering
  • Dr. Smith,
  • mith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • story we are mainly inde
  • bted for the
  • zeal in the pursuit of natural h
  • of the journe
  • io
  • hole plan and execu
  • e be-
  • whole
  • hat gentleman w
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, n
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Unive
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • reer as a student in the Univer
  • ieve spent some part of his early ca
  • as a private lec.
  • sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • es
  • turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a seri
  • es of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the
  • e by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel
  • novel at the
  • f lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures,
  • o
  • time
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • o the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the
  • .
  • called
  • alled on at an early period to go abroad
  • Many began to trace the
  • Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the Dr. Smith`s exploration about the natural beauty In Africa was influenced by the lectures he was taught when he was still in University.
  • eautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of
  • he
  • he singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • imbibed
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Imbibed * It is to absorb something. * The process of swallowing something or to consume it
  • zeal
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zeal * It is the great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
  • Museum at Cape Town
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is a city In South Afrca
  • Sparrman
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 (1789). He also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific, some of which were new to science. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.
  • Le Vaillant,
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, travel writer, and noted ornithologist. He reported numerous new bird species based on birds he gathered in Africa, and some birds bear his name. He was among the first to use colour plates to illustrate birds and was opposed to Carl Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature, preferring to use descriptive French names such as bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the peculiar African eagle. He explored most of the Southern African`s country by his time.
  • ex.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Excursions are trips that are/were taken by explorers around the world.
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • cursion
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why did the Zoologist explorers explored Southern Africa?
l222091943

Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave ... - 1 views

Lindiwe.S Mbatha 222091943

shared by l222091943 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • "teachers, doctors, prophets, conjurers" in determining the actions of North American slaves: Ignorance and superstition render them easy dupes to ... artful and designing men .... On certain occasions they have been made to believe that while they carried about their persons some charm with which they had been furnished, they were invulnerable. They have, on certain other occasions, been made to believe that they were under a protection that rendered them invincible .... They have been known to be so perfectly and fearfully under the influence of some leader or conjurer or minister, that they have not dared disobey him in the least particular. (p. 1
  • . Henry Clay Bruce (1969), a man who spent 29 years of his life as a slave in Missouri, Virginia, and Mississippi, recalled numerous "conjurors, who succeeded in duping their fellow-slaves so successfully, and to such an extent that they believed and feared them almost beyond their masters" (p. 52). Among slaves at least, conjurers were respected not solely because of the apprehension their powers inspired. In the words of W.E.B. Du Bois (1982), these spiritualists had multifaceted and multidimensional functions in the slave community; at any given time, the conjurer could be "the healer of the sick, the interpreter of the Unknown, the comforter of the sorrowing,
  • North America, the power of conjure was revered by both African- and American-born slave rebels in similar fashion. They seemingly believed, without question, the ability of these spiritualists to determine the outcome of a variety of events, including resistance movements, through arcane and supernatural means. This assessment runs counter to the claims of Eugene Genovese (1976) who argued that the presence of West Indian conjurers as insurrectionary leaders "could not be reproduced in the United States, except on a trivial scale
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • This was definitely the case in the 1712 New York City slave rebellion, which was the most serious slave disturbance up to that time in the British American colonies. It only involved about 28 insurgents; however, this relatively small band killed 10 Whites, wounded 12 others, and created a panic throughout the North American colonies (Aptheker, 1993, p. 173; Carroll, 1938, pp. 14-15). Among the key components in this rebellion was Peter the Doctor, a free African conjurer who rubbed a magical powder onto the clothing of the slaves to reportedly make them invulnerable. Thus emboldened, the rebels armed with swords, knives, and guns set fire to a building in downtown New York City and waited to ambush approaching Whites seeking to put out the blaze (Aptheker, 1993, p. 172; Sharpe, 1890,
  • British colonial authorities, this Obeah-man testified that he, along with his fellow practitioners, "administered a powder, which being rubbed on their bodies, was to make them invulnerable" (Schuler, 1970b, p. 375). Thus, in both the 1712 New York City revolt and the 1760 Jamaican conspiracy, powder was rubbed onto slaves imbuing them with special powers and giving them the confidence to rebel. A definite Akan-speaking presence can be found in the 1712 New York City revolt. Two of the three extant contemporary accounts of the uprising demonstrate tangible proof that Akanspeaking Africans pl
  • Boston News-Letter,
  • The plants, herbs, human blood, graveyard dirt, and other substances
  • Kormantin
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 26 Apr 23
       
      what are karmantine is a river a stream a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land?
  • e 21 Africans facing criminal charges in connection with the uprising, 9 had Akan day names. Of the slaves accused of being involved in the revolt, 2 were named Cuffee, 4 were named Quacko, 1 was named Quashi, Quasi, and Amba, respectivel
  • nine rebels with obvious Akan day names, a young male slave by the name of Dick, owned by Harmanus Burger, performed a vital function during the course of the trials. Having been charged in the coroner's inquest with the murder of Henry Brasier on April 9, 1712, Dick along with Peter Vantilborough's Cuffee received immunity in return for services provided to the British Crown. Serving as an interpreter for the slaves who could not speak English-on several dates including April 11th, 12th, 14th, 16th, and 17th; May 7th and 27th; and June 4th-Dick's skills in that regard were drawn on in at least seven of the nine cases involving slaves with Akan day names. Joost Lynsen's Quacko,
  • e (Aduru Pa), malevolent medicine (adubone), or poison (aduto).
  • some Negro Slaves here of ye Nations of Caramantee & Pappa plotted to destroy all the White[s] in order to obtain their freedo
  • that constitute the powder all contain an innate amount of supernatural forc
  • Western hemisphere derivatives-Vodun, Santeria, and Condomble-would play a similar role in other regions of the Americas. During the initial phases of the 1791 Santo Domingo slave uprising, for example, an individual known as Boukman Dutty, a Vodun high priest, was the initial leader who masterminded the revolutionary movement. Boukman had considerable influence among slaves, serving as both a religious figure and the headman of a plantation. The plan he
  • Bookman
  • The Aja-speaking Yoruba originated in a region of West Africa in which both variants of the Kwa language group (including Akan and Aja) were spoken and in which there was a great deal of cultural and commercial contact between the Akan and the Yoruba city-states. With this degree of cultural interplay and diffusion, it is conceivable that an Akan speaker would be well versed in the spiritual beliefs and practices of the Yorub
phomeleloselala5

LeBlanc: Military handguns of the 1800s - 1 views

www.yourconroenews.com/...guns-of-the-1800s-17534405.php

PM Selala 221079320 History2A

shared by phomeleloselala5 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • LeBlanc: Military handguns of the 1800sLarry J LeBlanc, Courier Outdoors WriterOct. 26, 2022Updated: Oct. 26, 2022 9:50 a.m. Facebook Twitter Email Comments This 1851 Colt Navy with powder, balls and percussion caps was the state of the art of it's day.Larry J. LeBlanc
amahlemotumi

Full article: 'Fighting Stick of Thunder': Firearms and the Zulu Kingdom: The Cultural ... - 7 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0729247314Z.00000000040

Amahle Motumi 220069900 History 2A

shared by amahlemotumi on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      War between the Zulus and British because the Zulus did not want to submit to British law.
  • he iqungo’, he told Stuart, ‘affects those who kill with an assegai, but not those who kill with a gun, for with a gun it is just as if the man had shot a buck, and no ill result will follow
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Singcofela who was part of the war between british and zulu explains that when killing with a gun a person does not get the insanity that one who kills with an assegai has an aftermath effect of war
  • ‘guns were useful commodities that people linked to new ways of thinking and behaving
  • ...55 more annotations...
  • A single technology such as that of firearms may be taken up and employed by different societies in a great variety of ways and with fluctuating levels of success.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      societies used guns differently, some used them to gain more success in both political and economic ways.
  • The voracious one of Senzangakhona,Spear that is red even on the handle [...]The young viper grows as it sits,Always in a great rage
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      praise song
  • otho thoroughly embraced firearms, considerably modified their traditional methods of warfare, and successfully took on Boers and Britons alike, at the other extreme the Zulu only gingerly made use of firearms and did not permit them to affect their way of warfare to any marked degree.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sothos changed the battle techniques upon having access to guns but the Zulu stuck to their old ways of fighting in battle but introduced a new weapon , the gun.
  • he battle of Isandlwana he killed a British soldier who fired at him with his revolver and missed:
  • By contrast, in South Africa, the spread of guns was far slower because of the sheer, vast extent of the sub-continent’s interior and its lack of ports. Although indigenous peoples like the Xhosa, Sotho, Pedi and Zulu gradually adopted firearms during the course of the nineteenth century, they did so with varying degrees of eagerness.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      gun ownership spread in a slower pace in South Africa due to the lack of ports for ships to arrive in.
  • makhanda (military homesteads)
  • individuals in each of these companies (amaviyo)
  • ew ibutho (age-grade regiment)
  • amakhanda,
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      STATES WITH FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS
  • adets
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      OFFICER TRAINEE
  • to giya, or to perform a war dance,
  • In battle, the Zulu tactical intention was to outflank and enclose the enemy in a flexible manoeuvre, evidently developed from the hunt, which could be readily adapted to a pitched battle in the open field or to a surprise attack
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Zulu on battelfield resembled them hunting down prey. The same tactics to corner enemy
  • abaqawe [heroes or warriors of distinction]
  • he king ordered them to wear a distinctive necklace, made from small blocks of willow wood (known as an iziqu),
  • ormed Stuart that coward’s meat ‘would be roasted and roasted and then soaked in cold water. It was then taken out of the water and given to the cowards, while the king urged them on to fight. Upon this they would begin to steel themselves, saying, “When will there be war, so that I can leave off this meat?”’ If the coward was then reported to have acquitted himself fiercely in battle, the king ‘would then praise him and say, “Do not again give him the meat of the cowards; let him eat the meat of the heroes.”
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      any warrior who became cowardice was punished and made to eat of the deceased cowards who flunked in war, only if they excelled in war were they granted the opportunity to outgrow the roasted coward meat
  • he traders owed him military service, and it quickly came to Shaka’s attention that they possessed muskets
  • This stick which they carry, what is it for?
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      EARLY ZULU PEOPLE WERE NOT FAMILIAR WITH GUNS
  • deed, it was reportedly Shaka’s far-fetched intention ‘to send a regiment of men to England who there would scatter in all directions in order to ascertain exactly how guns were made, and then return to construct some in Zululand’
  • 1826, he used the limited but alarming firepower of the Port Natal traders and their trained African retainers against his great rivals, the Ndwandwe people, in the decisive battle of the izinDolowane hills; and in 1827, he again used their firepower in subduing the Khumalo peopl
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      SHAKA STARTED USING THE GUNS AS A WEAPON TO DEFEATED HIS ENEMIES
  • uring the 1830s, guns began to be traded into Zululand in greater numbers, much to the despair of the missionary Captain Allen Gardiner.
  • He saw in this incipient trade a Zulu threat to all their neighbours, and was much disheartened, in 1835, when the Zulu elite evinced no interest in the word of God, but only in his instruction in the best use of the onomatopoeic ‘issibum’, or musket
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      MISSIONARIES TRIED SPREADING THE WORD OF GOD BUT FAILED BECAUSE THE ZULU WERE ONLY INTERESTED IN GUNS
  • mercenaries
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      SOLDIERS PAID BY FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT IN ITS ARMY
  • emigrant farmers (or Voortrekkers)
  • ingane knew that they and their guns posed a deadly threat to his kingdom. Dingane’s treacherous attempt, early in 1838, to take the Voortrekkers unawares and destroy them, was only partially successfu
  • The Zulu discovered that, because of the heavy musket fire, in neither battle could they could get close enough to the Voortrekkers’ laager to make any use of their spears or clubbed sticks in the toe-to-toe fighting to which they were accustomed
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      THEY COULD ONLY ATTACK ENEMIES AT CLOSE RANGE BECASUE THEY HAD SPEARS AND STICKS
  • eadrick argued that colonial warfare only became truly asymmetric with the introduction between the late 1860s and 1880s of breech-loading rifles, quick-loading artillery and machine guns
  • The Zulus’ disastrous defeats at Voortrekker hands only confirmed the chilling efficacy of firearms and the need to possess the new weapons
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      BECAUSE OF THE MANY DEFEATS THE ZULU THOUGHT ABOUT POSSESING A NEW WEAPON, GUNS.
  • (isithunyisa is a Zulu word for gu
  • weapons technology could not be ignored. From the late 1860s, firearms began to spread rapidly throughout South Africa,
  • ince they were not in a position to obtain many through trade, young Pedi men (in what became a recognized rite of manhood) regularly made their way to the labour markets of Natal and the Cape and bought firearms from gun- traders with their earnings.
  • etshwayo had to import firearms thorough traders.
  • he enterprising hunter-trader John Dunn, who gained Cetshwayo’s ear as his adviser, cornered the lucrative Zulu arms market, buying from merchants in the Cape and Natal and trading the firearms (mainly antiquated muskets) in Zululand through Portuguese Delagoa Bay to avoid Natal laws against gun trafficki
  • ancillaries
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      supporting weapon
  • 20,000 guns entered Zululand during Cetshwayo’s reign
  • he Zulu army, or impi,
  • What this evidence makes clear is that firearms were not necessarily widely dispersed into the hands of ordinary warriors, and that many had little (if any) practical training in their use.
  • h the unskilled way in which they were maintained, with the often poor quality of their gunpowder and shot, and with shortages of percussion caps and cartridges.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      zulus could not maitain the guns and had poor ammunition and skill of suing the gun
  • Put simply, most Zulu did not shoot well because they had scant practice in it
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      had little practice in shooting
  • he Zulu had their own names for each of the bewildering varieties of firearms of all sizes and shapes and degrees of sophistication that came into their hands
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      zulus named the guns according to the shapes and sizes
  • Xhosa were skilled in their use of firearms, and made for formidable foes.
  • the Zulu elite came to regard them as significant indicators of power and prestige, and recognized their efficacy in hunting and fighting
  • est firearms went to men of high status and, according to Bikwayo, double-barrelled ones seemed to have been the most prestigious
  • nceku, or personal attendan
  • aluable, dangerous, and exotic as they were, firearms inevitably conferred the mystique of power upon the possessor
  • sigodlo (or private household
  • ade all those with guns hold their barrels downwards on to, but not actually touching, a sherd containing some smoking substance, i.e. burning drugs, fire being underneath the sherd, in order that smoke might go up the barrel. This was done so that bullets would go straight, and, on hitting any European, kill him
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      ritual done to enhance the aim on European and kill him
  • the nineteenth century, firearms became increasingly essential for hunting, one of the most important economic activities in southern Africa because of the international value placed on tusks, hides, and feathers
  • ory, in particular, was equally a source of wealth for the Zulu king, who was no longer content with his men killing elephants (as described by the hunter, Adulphe Delagorgue) by stabbing them with spears and letting them bleed to death, or driving them into pits filled with stake
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns were used to kill elephants and it was easier to obtain ivory
  • weapons themselves still had to be incorporated into the ceremonies of ritual purification and strengthening that preceded battle.
  • inyanga, or war doctor,
  • rince Cetshwayo ‘succeeded in killing someone there, by shooting him when he was in caves among the rocks [...] on the hillsid
  • Mystical forces, in other words, would compensate for lack of practical skill in hitting a target, just as they would protect a man from wounds and death.
  • tshelele ka Godide told Stuart of a hunter who accidentally shot himself in the stomach and died when the butt of his cocked gun touched the ground. Cetshwayo ordered his izangoma (diviners) to hold a ‘smelling out’ (umhlahlo) and they pronounced that the victims’ brother ‘had worked evil (lumba) on the gun’.
  • e Zulu adoption of firearms was partial and imperfect, hedged about by all sorts of hindrances, both practical and essentially cultural. Only a handful of men who had close contact with white hunters and traders were easily familiar with firearms, and knew how to use them.
  • e bulk of amabutho continued to treat their guns like throwing spears, to be discarded before the real hand-to-hand fighting began. Why, we might ask, did they not make more effective use of them in 1879,
  • spheleletembe on 25 Apr 23
     
    John Laband's article explores the cultural complexities of the transfer of firearms technology to the Zulu Kingdom in the 19th century. While initially resistant to firearms due to their reliance on traditional close combat tactics, the Zulu eventually embraced the technology and incorporated it into their military strategies. However, Laband argues that the adoption of firearms was not a straightforward adoption of Western technology, but rather a complex process of cultural adaptation and appropriation. Despite relying on firearms, the Zulu continued to value traditional warrior virtues, resulting in a hybridization of Zulu and Western military traditions. This unique blend of traditions played a significant role in the Zulu's success in battle against colonial powers. The article highlights the nuanced and complex nature of cultural exchange and technological transfer, and how these processes are shaped by cultural values and traditions.
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