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nicolezondo

The Human Ecology of World Systems in East Africa: The Impact of the Ivory Trade.pdf - 1 views

''Nosipho Mthiyane'' ''222145931''

shared by nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Second, the ivory trade is an example of economic relationships that have been common for millennia between world system centers and areas not directly under their political and economic control. Because the populations are not forced to participate through political means, Chase-Dunn
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Millenia-a period or cycle of one thousand years.
  • In comparison, the consequences for human ecology of the trade in valuables were diffuse and localized. Centers in worlds systems traded with areas outside their economic and political control in order to obtain goods of prestige value in their own societies.
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The utilization of resources, demographics, environmental influences on society, health and the environmental effects of human activity are important aspects of human ecology. As populations rise, more resources are needed, and these resources are used and exploited and exploited, environmental harm grows. These three factors are therefore closely related.
  • ivory trade in eastern Africa changed the vegetation cover, caused erosion, contributed to the intensification of agriculture, the spread of pastoralism, and affected the distribution of populations in the region.
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Pastoralism is the practice of herding as the primary economic activity of a society.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • . For example, European and Asian countries obtained gold, ivory, copal, and slaves from Africa, and furs from North America (Wolf, 1982)
  • Waller (1985) and Sobania (1991) have elucidated the complex interactions between exchange, production, and ethnicity during the nineteenth century.
  • The impact on human ecology of the ivory trade entailed direct and indirect effects. First, the reduction or extermination of elephant populations had direct effects on vegetation patterns over large areas. Second, the economic activities connected with hunting, transport, and trading affected regional systems of exchange and thereby, indirectly through the political economy, settlements, patterns of resource utilization, population parameters, and specialization of production.
  • he expansion of overseas trade was explosive, and between A.D. 1000 and 1500 increasing amounts of ivory, iron, and other commodities were exported to China, India, the Middle East, and Europe (Alpers, 1992; Horton, 1987).
  • nderstanding of the ivory trade must begin with the elephants themselves. After all, ivory is derived from animals with given biological, ecological, and demographic relationships, and characteristics. Since elephants reproduce, they are a renewable resource that can also be driven to extinction
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although elephants are famous for their ivory, other species with tusks or teeth with a similar chemical composition include the walrus, hippopotamus, narwhal, sperm whale, and a warthog. Any mammalian tooth or tusk that is valuable commercially is referred to as ''Ivory"
  • The amount of ivory that was obtained in the nineteenth century was therefore a function of previous exploitation during centuries of huntin
  • . Using the available, albeit fragmentary, documentary evidence and a computer simulation of elephant hunting, he concluded that the coastal elephant populations could not have been the main source of ivory before the nineteenth century. If they had been, then there would not have been any substantial numbers of elephants remaining in the coastal region by that time
  • During the first half of the nineteenth century elephants seem to have been widely distributed and common in many parts of the region. It is important to note that the coastal areas were harboring many elephants especially during the dry seasons when herds gathered at the lower ends of rivers
  • 1850 is devastating for the moving ivory frontier thesis advanced by, among others, Sheriff (1987, p. 78), who argues that the coastal elephant populations were first exterminated followed by a progressive exploitation further inland
nicolezondo

Vol.+40+-+Article+10+-+Ramey+p.+105-114.pdf - 1 views

''Nosipho Mthiyane'' ''222145931''

shared by nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In exchange, East Africa ivory
  • n exchange, East Africa ivory
  • In exchange, East Africa ivory
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
  • In exchange, East Africa became a significant exporter of ivory to India.
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      East African ivory is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand. it figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast.
  • Because of its sacred value, Indians required huge importations of ivory, especially from the East African coast for its pliability and the ease with which it could be formed into marriage bangles.
  • s required huge importations of ivory,
  • The use of ivory developed over the centuries from jewelry to being the primary material of goods used throughout various areas of society.
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The carving of ivory into ornaments predates even gold and other jewelry. In India, ivory is mentioned in the Vedas and there have been many pieces down the ages depicting religious icons-Hindu and otherwise. It has been carved into boxes, statues, necklaces, bangles and so on.
  • By consequence, the complex development of the ivory trade enhanced Indian economic control along the East African coast.
  • As a result, India became a large importer of ivory that had been transported from the African interior to the Swahili East African c o a s t.
  • Six centuries later, Cambay was the main ivory importer from East Africa.3 8
  • Six centuries later, Cambay was the main ivory importer from East Africa.
  • Six centuries later, Cambay was the main ivory importer from East Africa.3
  • The ivory trade, like the material imports, gave the Indians tremendous power in East Africa
  • Not only was East Africa dependent on India for goods but India was also dependent on East Africa for ivory. A strong, complex relationship emerged between East Africa and India throughout the first two millennia.
nicolezondo

'Cloths with Names': Luxury Textile Imports in Eastern Africa, c. 1800-1885.pdf - 1 views

''Nosipho Mthiyane'' ''222145931''

shared by nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ivory
  • ivory
  • ivory
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • The same thirty or so cloth types were sought by élites, and, increasingly , the general population, across the vast area of Sub-Saharan eastern Africa engaged in the ivory , slaves, gum copal and spices which, at its peak in the 1870s, radiated from Zanzibar to Somalia in the north, to Mozambique in the south, as far west as Uganda and east to Madagascar and the Comoros Islands.
  • As the export ivory trade in particular expanded far into the interior of
  • As the export ivory trade in particular expanded far into the interior of eastern Africa in the nineteenth century , rising wealth and changing fashions led increasing numbers of people to give up their local barkcloth or hide dress for imported woven cloth.
    • nicolezondo
      nicolezondo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historically, East Africa was well-known for its wide trade networks that crossed the continent and brought together people from varied racial and ethnic origins. These networks extended as far as east India and deep into the interior of Central Africa.
  • In 1856, English explorer Richard Francis Burton, the first European to cross the central ivory ‘cloths with names’.
  • s the ivory frontier expanded, so too did the
  • However, ivory kunguru’s fortunes. Kunguru is the probable origin of the iconic ‘Maasai plaid’, the red and
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