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Nordstrom, C. & Robben, A.C.G.M. 1995. Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival." The University of California Press. "Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival" is a collection of anthropologists first hand experiences with political violence. The essays first describe the actual experience of violence, the social and political issues that come with the violence, and the strategies individuals use to carry on with their lives in the most positive way they are able to. In particular I will use two essays; "War on the Front Lines" by Carolyn Nordstrom, and "The Croatian War Experience" by Maria B. Olujic. Both of these essays address my main topic of interest which is rape as a weapon of war. In particular they address the social implications women face after being raped. These essays will help me because they not only describe the political affair on a large scale but they get inside an even deeper problem which is gender relations and male dominance in families. These essays will help to develop my thinking on the issue and put together the pieces of this vicious cycle.

Enloe, Cynthia. 2004. "Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives" The University of California Press. "Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives" by Cynthia Enloe discusses the the extent to which states' militaries have relied on women in order to conduct unethical military operations like war rape and sustain a political legitimacy. In particular I will be using the chapters, "The Laundress, The Soldier, and the State" which discusses the beginning acts of political violence against women, in particular the concept of camp following and the chapter "When Soldiers Rape" which contains a literal discussion of soldiers use of rape as a weapon of war. These articles will help enhance my understanding of the political acts of violence against women, how they started, escalated, and how the military gets away with them.

This essay focuses on how the violence in Guatemala has become to be understood as a " cultural fact". The author explores how the naturalization of political violence intro cultural violence was produced and how it was patterned.The author explores this through the exploration of the period of " La Violencia" where descriptions and public displays of cadavers and public assasinations were portrayed in newspapers.Through media the goverment was sucessfull in the creation of generalized fear.

This is article was on the front page of the Economist on March 4th, 2010. This article has a great deal of information on the current phenomena seen on how "technology, declining fertility and ancient prejudice are combining to unbalance societies" This article focuses on China, India and South Korea but touches on the general issue a lot. This article is a good resource to understand how violence against women can start even before they are born. Furthermore, you can see the political prejudices that go into it.

I think that this issue relates a lot to violence against women and cultural perceptions of women around the world. By choosing not to keep, or evening killing a child simply because it is a girl you are putting forth the image that girls are not as important as boys, and have less worth. I know that in many cultures this is believed to be true at all ages, but it especially hits home when those involved can't in any way defend themselves.

This article is very important because it shows how economical factors, cultural factors, technology and the goverment contribute in some way to "gendercide" and how they also sustain the hatred against women. This factors help us understand that violence against women, even when they havent been born yet is connected to other factors beyond culture. This article is important in the aspect that it shows that hatred and violence against women may take place even before they are born and it is also important because it discusses a number of factors that contribute to it. This article conncts to my articles on Guatemala because the goverment and other social factors also perpertuate inequality and violence against women.

This source is very valuable for my research because it is a report that attempts to recover the historic memories during the civil war in Guatemala. This volume explores the different impacts of political and sponsored state terrorism on the different social sectors of Guatemala. It discusses how the state respressed any form of sympathy or indentification with the guerilla movement. Moreover, it also focuses on violence against women during this period and especially the objectives and effects of raping women in public. This source also discusses how rape was used as a tool to communicate social and political messages and to dehumanize indigenous communities. The report also discusses the social roles through which women responded and resisted this type of violence.

This source explores the ways in which state sponsored terrorism during the civil war in Guatemala was sustained. It discusses the nature of the torture and masacres during this time. It describes the way in which soldiers were trained to masacre and rape victims and how they were mentally and physically trained to do so. This source also discusses the different goverment's sectors that participated and collaborated with the state's sponsored terrorsm.

This article by Sheila Jeffreys discusses female soldiers involvement with the military. She argues that they are in a double jeopardy of being symbolically objectified and physically abused. This article helps my discussion on the political acts of violence against women through an analysis of the United States military and their treatment of women. This is one of the topics I address in my paper and have used many quotes to support my argument

"although accession offered women's movements political opportunities to put pressure on their governments, the adaptation to EU regulations is characterized by top-down reforms and the unequal compliance of national governments." The European Union is unique in that it brings many different countries with different cultures together under some overarching policies. Women's organizations have been dealing with the difficulties of making all the member state's governments commit to women's issues being on their agenda. Also, they have been working towards violence against women initiatives and trying to get the different governments to support them.

Showgirls, 1995, Paul Verhoeven, dir. Crenshaw, K 1991. "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Color." Stanford Law Review v43:1241-1299 Williams, Linda. Spring, 2003. "Showgirls & Sex Acts." Film Quarterly, 56: 40-41. Retrieved April 11, 2010 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1213965). This was a debatable film for me to use, however I ultimately decided to use it for three specific reasons. The first, I believe it shows important ideals of female support, as similar to the Bonobo primates that Sylverstein discusses. Yet I was more drawn to this female compassion - of Nomi seeking revenge for her raped friend Molly - due to its fantasy and lack of realism. Nomi seeks Molly's assaulter and fiercely kicks his face in multiple times. While this is an oddly heroic scene of just revenge, it is not realistic in its culminating consequences. For this point, Linda Williams's article is helpful in further realizing this idea. Williams discusses the vengeful Nomi as a new heroine for post-feminist film, as different from the original innocent female heroine - Nomi is not innocent and sexually naïve, quiet the opposite! Nomi is sexually literate and knows how to use her body to her best advantage, whether for violent vengeance or her own survival. However, the second issue raised is the relation of hidden powers, here as presented through fame and fortune. It is due to the rapist's elite social standing that no investigation or authorities are begun or brought in (hence the vengeance of Nomi). I will explore how this instills ideas of impunity, as discussed in many of the readings this semester (therefore I will most likely additionally use such readings as the Carey and Torres reading, etc.). One final (third) topic I will explore within the film is the fact that Molly is a woman of color. I will explore this topic in relation to topics raised by Crenshaw in her "Mapping the Margins…" Some of these to

Three sources here, but I assumed as Crenshaw was a class reading and the third source has a highlighted link I would simply put the film link as the URL.