To a significant degree, Uber has successfully automated many of the processes involved in managing a large workforce, comprised of at at least 400 000 active drivers in the U.S. alone, according to Uber’s last public estimate. However, automation is not to be confused with independence. Uber has built a system that leverages significant control over how workers do their jobs, even as that control is structured to be indirect and semi-automated, such as through nudges, algorithmic labor logistics, the rating system, etc.