Stripling and Pitts describe their model as a "thinking frame" (Stripling and Pitts 1988, 19) for research. This ten-step process emphasizes a thinking framework that can be adapted for any age level and any curricular subject. The authors maintain that, unless they are instructed to do so, most students do not automatically think about research in an explicit manner. Therefore, by prescribing the method in which to write research papers, the authors hope to improve student thought about the research process. The ten steps of the search process model (Stripling and Pitts 1988) are organized around the major activities performed in writing a coherent research paper: topic selection, planning the information search, locating and accessing materials, and creating a final product. Throughout the model, students have several reflection points that allow them to make judgments about their progress.
Jennie Bales on 08 Sep 15Today's organizations are faced with an increasing need to adapt to new realities that almost always result in some organizational change. The process of implementing change in organizations is often complex and challenging for most managers. To help managers successfully implement change, it is recommended that they use some version of a change model to increase their chances of successful implementation. While there are many models for change management, most of them originate from the work of John Kotter's eight-step change model. Specific steps in the model include: establish a sense of urgency, create the guiding coalition, develop a vision and strategy, communicate the change vision, empower broad-based action, generate short-term wins, consolidate gains to produce more change, and anchor change in the organization's culture.
