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een expected to move – along with some other butterfly species – northwards into Scotland. But populations of the butterfly have declined, because its normal habitats have been lost. And while Cetti's warbler – a small brown bird that belies its loud song – moved northwards, the Cirl bunting moved south within the UK by 120km, a victim of intensified agriculture.

The research team analysed data from a variety of studies, most of them from Europe and North America, finding more than 2,000 examples of how animal and plant species have adapted by moving their habitat.

One example is the high brown fritillary butterfly, which in the UK might have b

going on for the last 40 years and is set to continue for at least the rest of this century. "

Birds and butterflies may tend to be more mobile, but mammals, reptiles, spiders, insects and all sorts of invertebrates were also tracked.

coastal Primorsky Krai, along the Sea of Japan.

Large sharks have been sighted in the region only rarely, scientists said, and attacks until now were unheard of.

The first victim, a 25-year-old computer programmer, had been out for an evening swim with his wife on Wednesday at a popular vacation spot near Russia’s border with North Korea.

“It was only about 300 feet,” Ms. Udovenko said, according to the Interfax news agency. “About halfway there, Denis noticed something in the water and screamed, ‘Swim faster, it’s a shark.’ ”

Late on Thursday, the Russian news media reported a third attack, citing local residents, though officials did not immediately confirm it.

Witnesses gave varying descriptions of the shark, putting its size at 6 to 12 feet long. After reviewing the accounts, several scientists said they believed it was probably a great white.

That body of water is home to seals and other shark prey, but not in sufficient densities to sustain large sharks. A hungry great white, lacking its typical prey, Dr. Astakhov said, “could certainly have attacked a human.

Another draw for a great white might be water temperature. The waters in the region have been several degrees higher than normal, making a more attractive environment for great whites, according to Mr. Zgurovsky.

Russians’ blasé attitude toward danger is a source of national pride, and despite the ban on swimming, local news media reported Thursday that beachgoers continued to take to the water.

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