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Daryl Bambic

Chapter 7. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control | Introduction to Sociology - ... - 0 views

  • personality disorder
  • anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions.
  • term psychopathy is often used to emphasize that the source of the disorder is internal, based on psychological, biological, or genetic factors, whereas sociopathy is used to emphasize predominant social factors in the disorder: the social or familial sources of its development and the inability to be social or abide by societal rules (Hare 1999).
  • ...86 more annotations...
  • ociopathy
  • sociological disease par excellence.
  • Cesare Lombroso
  • positivist criminology who thought he had isolated specific physiological characteristics of “degeneracy”
  • James Fallon
  • lack of brain activity has been linked with specific genetic markers
  • environment, and not just genes
  • psychopathy and sociopathy are recognized as problematic forms of deviance because of prevalent social anxieties about serial killers as types of criminal who “live next door” or blend in.
  • we do not know our neighbours well
  • deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law
  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • laws are norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies
  • rime is therefore an act of deviance that breaks not only a norm, but a law. Deviance can be as minor as picking one’s nose in public or as major as committing murder.
  • Firstly, deviance is defined by its social context. To understand why some acts are deviant and some are not, it is necessary to understand what the context is, what the existing rules are, and how these rules came to be established
  • Whether an act is deviant or not depends on society’s definition of that act
  • deviance is not an intrinsic (biological or psychological) attribute of individuals, nor of the acts themselves, but a product of social processes.
  • moral entrepreneurs
  • individuals’ deviant status is ascribed to them through social processes
  • even when these beliefs about kinds of persons are products of objective scientific classification, the institutional context of science and expert knowledge is not independent of societal norms, beliefs, and practices
  • Crime and deviance are social constructs that vary according to the definitions of crime, the forms and effectiveness of policing, the social characteristics of criminals, and the relations of power that structure society
  • social control,
  • organized action intended to change people’s behaviour
  • maintain social order,
  • enforcing rules are through sanctions
  • Positive
  • Negative
  • formal or informal
  • Formal sanctions
  • Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532),
  • It was not, however, until the 19th century and the invention of modern institutions like the prison, the public school, the modern army, the asylum, the hospital, and the factory, that the means for extending government and social control widely through the population were developed.
  • disciplinary social control 
  • Foucault argues that the ideal of discipline as a means of social control is to render individuals docile.
  • The chief components of disciplinary social control in modern institutions like the prison and the school are surveillance, normalization, and examination
  • seeing machine.
  • rows of desks
  • one-way glass or video monitors.
  • normalization
  • examinations
  • disciplinary social control as a key mechanism in creating a normalizing society.
  • One way deviance is functional, he argued, is that it challenges people’s present views
  • which also contributes to society
  • crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.
  • cial disorganization theor
  • A person is not born a criminal, but becomes one over time, often based on factors in his or her social environment.
  • Individuals who believe they are a part of society are less likely to commit crimes against it.
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • involvement,
  • belief,
  • studies have found that children from disadvantaged communities who attend preschool programs that teach basic social skills are significantly less likely to engage in criminal activity
  • strain theory
  • that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates.
  • Critical sociology looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.
  • but as evidence of inequality in the system.
  • accommodatio
  • discrepancy between the reality of structural inequality and the high cultural value of economic success creates a strain that has to be resolved by some means.
  • consensus crimes
  • Conflict crime
  • Social deviations
  • social diversion
  • The second sociological insight
  • ndividuals are not born deviant, but become deviant through their interaction with reference groups, institutions, and authorities
  • t is not simply a matter of the events that lead authorities to define an activity or category of persons deviant, but of the processes by which individuals come to recognize themselves as deviant.
  • Once a category of deviance has been established and applied to a person, that person begins to define himself or herself in terms of this category and behave accordingly
  • The major issue is not that labels are arbitrary or that it is possible not to use labels at all, but that the choice of label has consequences.
  • Government refers to the strategies by which one seeks to direct or guide the conduct of another or others.
  • differential association theory, stating that individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
  • White-collar or corporate crime
  • sociologist C. Wright Mills described the existence of what he dubbed the power elite, a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources.
  • their decisions affect everyone in society
  • The goal of the amendments was to emphasize that sexual assault is an act of violence, not a sexual act
  • secondary victimization
  • Women who are regarded as criminally deviant are often seen as being  doubly deviant. They have broken the laws but they have also broken gender norms about appropriate female behaviour, whereas men’s criminal behaviour is seen as consistent with their aggressive, self-assertive character
  • medicalize
  • n part the gender difference revolves around patriarchal attitudes toward women and the disregard for matters considered to be of a private or domestic nature
  • 1970s, women worked to change the criminal justice system and establish rape crisis centres and battered women’s shelters, bringing attention to domestic violence.
  • Interestingly women and men report similar rates of spousal violence
  • more a result of differential socialization processes.
  • Labelling Theory
  • Labelling theory examines the ascribing of a deviant behaviour to another person by members of society.
  • not so much by the behaviours themselves or the people who commit them, but by the reactions of others to these behaviours.
  • Secondary deviance can be so strong that it bestows a master status on an individual
  • Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others
  • Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s self-concept and behaviour begin to change after his or her actions are labelled as deviant by members of society.
  • The criminal justice system is ironically one of the primary agencies of socialization into the criminal “career path.”
revisesociology

A Level Sociology Theory - 0 views

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    Revise Sociology has a wide range of resources available to help you prepare for your exams. From us, you will find the A level sociology theory to prepare the exam. Our unbeatable revision resources are designed to help learners stay on top of course topics, boost knowledge and practise. The website offer many helpful tips and revising strategies to use when you are assigned to write a paper.
Daryl Bambic

Social theories - Intro to Sociology - 0 views

  • Conflict Theory claims that society is in a state of perpetual conflict and competition for limited resources.
  • those who have perpetually try to increase their wealth at the expense and suffering of those who have not.
  • power struggle
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • wealthy elite
  • common person of common means
  • Power is the ability to get what one wants even in the presence of opposition. Authority is the institutionalized legitimate power.
  • society is in a state of balance and kept that way through the function of society's component parts.
  • biological and ecological concepts
  • Dysfunctions
  • threaten social stability
  • Manifest Functions are the apparent
  • Latent Functions are the less apparent, unintended, and often unrecognized functions in social institutions and processes.
  • unctionalism is more positive and optimistic
  • Equilibrium is the state of balance maintained by social processes that help society adjust and compensate for forces that might tilt it onto a path of destruction.
revisesociology

Theory & Usages of Sociology Concept - 0 views

  •  
    Revise Sociology provides a strong foundation for empirical research, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Our research methods are demography and applied sociology to fulfill one of the most important goals of a college education. Feel free to contact us anytime.
msigal

The Study Of Suicide Link 3 (Matt Sigal) - 0 views

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    Currency: - Date not given, but the information hasn't changed. Relevance: - It explains a lot about Durkheim's theory about suicide. - I didn't know there were 3 different types of suicide. (Anomic, Altruistic and Egoistic.) Accuracy: - No known false statements. - No grammar errors. Authority: - Ashley Crossman is the author. - She has a PH.D in Sociology. - Is considered as a sociology expert. Purpose: - To inform.
Mason Brenhouse

Effects of Music on the Mind and Brain - 0 views

  • Music plays a vital role in enhancing creativity. Music has a positive impact on the right side of the brain. Music triggers the brain center, which deal with the development of creativity. Certain ragas are known to activate all the chakras of the listener’s body, thus benefiting him/her in the performance of other creative tasks. Music is found to give students the capacity to trust themselves. It provides them with an internal discipline. Rhythm is known to help the students learn math. Music stimulates the brain centers that deal with thinking, analyzing and planning, thus enhancing one’s organizational skills.
    • Mason Brenhouse
       
      This specific part speaks about music's vital role of enhancing creativity as well as music's ability to help students develop skills in math and trust themselves without hesitation. 
  •  
    This article answers questions such as: What are the effects of music on the brain? What are the effects of music on the mind? and How does music effect your mood?Very useful for my project by indicating certain ideas and theories on how music affects us mentally. 
Leigh Gantman

Human Greed - 0 views

  • Why are we so greedy? Well, possessions can bring us pleasure. And pleasure can become addictive. If we mistakenly associate pleasure with happiness, it's not surprising that we pursue it without end. Another reason for greed is fear. We're afraid there is only so much material to go around, and if we're not quick enough, someone else may snatch what we want. Although fear can cause greed, ironically, greed causes more fear. For as Chuang Tzu wrote," He who considers wealth a good thing can never bear to give up his income; he who considers eminence a good thing can never bear to give up his fame. He who has a taste for power can never bear to hand over authority to others. Holding tight to these things, such men shiver with fear; should they let them go, they would pine in sorrow." Isn't it true that if our desires are endless, our cares and fears will be too?
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      the credibility of this site is questionable. Be prepared to defend it.
  •  
    This passage brings up a very interesting point. In fact, it gets me wondering if greed and fear have a relation. It also mentions that possessions bring us pleasure and we get attached to that feeling. These are some theories as to why humans have greedy habits. Some fear that if they don't grab a certain possession quick enough, another person will get to it faster and leave them empty handed. The quote by Chuang Tzu is also very relevant to my study. It is essentially stating that once you have reached the highest, best point of something, it is difficult to go back to old ways. This is what makes people greedy; the climb to get to that highest, best point.
jonah-e

Chapter 08 - Deviance and Crime - 0 views

  • xactly who has the power and authority to define the behavior as being normal or deviant.
  • education
  • religions,
  • ...60 more annotations...
  • governments,
  • media
  • family
  • Durkheim argued that deviance, especially extreme forms are functional in that they challenge and offend the established norms in the larger collective conscience.
  • deviance reaffirms norms when the deviants are punished;
  • promotes solidarit
  • clear contrasting point of comparison
  • stimulates social change.
  • Extreme deviance does make us consider “normal” behavior on the personal and larger social level.
  • But, what if this distribution was not an indicat8ion of test scores, but rather the frequency of times potential roommates stole food from the private stashes of previous roommates? You’d clearly want a score closer to 0 than 80.
  • National studies indicate that less than 5 percent of the United States population considers itself to be exclusively homosexual.
  • s homosexuality deviant or normal?”
  • “Does that make it more or less common and therefore more or less deviant?” I ask.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Think about the relationship of these two ideas: common (so mean) and normal (so deviant).
  • actor violates group norms but complies with the law, it is deviance.
  • how can something be deviant and normal at the same time?”
  • We rarely have total agreement on what’s normal
  • ethnocentrism tends to burn cross-cultural bridges
  • across time; across cultures, and from group to group.
  • shifting values.
  • Deviance varies between cultures because values vary between cultures.
  • ontributed to higher or lower levels of trust over time.
  • The point of this story is that in most social groups a beat down would be considered deviant. In a gang it’s very much normal. Yet, in this situation, not beating him down was deviant within his gang, yet a wise choice.
  • Absolutist Perspective claims that deviance resides in the very nature of an act and is wrong at all times and in all places.
  • Normative Perspective claims that deviance is only a violation of a specific group's or society's rules at a specific point in time
  • Reactive Perspective claims that behavior does not become deviant unless it is disapproved of by those in authority (laws
  • Stigma
  • deviance is a violation of a norm
  • Conformity
  • “random act of senseless kindness”
  • legal and normal
  • complies with group norms yet breaks the law, it’s called crime.
  • normal crime.
  • As mentioned, deviants and criminals make us reassess our values and make new rules and laws
  • crime is often found in every society
  • iolates norms and breaks the law, then it’s Deviant and Criminal behavior
  • Power Elite are the political, corporate, and military leaders of a society are uniquely positioned to commit Elite Crimes, or crimes of insider nature that typically are difficult to punish and have broad social consequences upon the masses.
  • issues of power and powerlessness. It’s about who has the power and how they attempt to force their values and rules upon those who don’t have it.
  • remember that Anomie is a state of social normlessness which occurs when our lives or society has vague norms)
  • disproportionately high level of non-whites who ended up among the 2006 1,570,861 incarcerated members of society
  • Labeling Theory claims
  • majority of US prisoners have been in prison before (perhaps 60-80%
  • Phrenology is an outdated scientific approach of studying the shape and characteristics of the skull.
  • White-Collar Crimes are crimes committed by persons of respectable and high social status committed in the course of their occupations.
  • Street Crimes are crimes
  • Organized Crime
  • Hate Crimes
  • Norm is a set of expected behaviors for a given role and social status.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Do you agree with this definition?  Can you see what the consequences of this might be?
    • jonah-e
       
      yes. and the consequences might be that since you always excpect the excpected you will never excpect the unexcpected. 
  • Look at the diagram below.
  • Is a mean of 80 good or desirable?
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Think of 80, or the mean, as the norm.  When you think of it this way, is it desirable?
  • That depends on what these scores represent.
  • Values also vary between groups
  • An absolutists would probably fall among the 1 in 4 who feel that abortion is always wrong, because it is an unacceptable act. A normative individual would consider the circumstances (rape, incest, diagnoses, or health of mother) while a reactive would consider the legality of abortion.
  • In every society when deviance is considered it is most often controlled.
  • Control is easier if attachments, commitment, involvement, and beliefs are stronger.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      The absence of this is called 'anomie' and signals the breakdown of a society. Sociologists would call this the loss of social cohesion.  
  • Attachments
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Think of these four factors that favor control of deviance in terms of your school.  How does each one of these manifest itself in school life?  Are they effective in reducing deviant behaviour?
  • Negative Sanctions are punishments or negative reactions toward deviance. Positive Sanctions are rewards for conforming behavior
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      What type of sanctions, both positive and negative, do we see at WIC?
  • Table 5. Robert Merton’s Five Goal—Means Gap Coping Strategies*** 1.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Don't worry about this section.
Patrick Reid

Brain Function and Music: How Does Music Affect The Brain and Learning? - 1 views

  • Martin Gardiner, research director at The Music School, theorizes that "learning arts skills forces mental 'stretching' useful to other areas of learning: the maths learning advantage could, for example, reflect the development of mental skills such as ordering, and other elements of thinking on which mathematical learning at this age also depends." [The National Association for Music Education, menc.org, May 23, 1996 issue of Nature]
    • Patrick Reid
       
      This Shows us a theory on how music affects the brain and here it is showing how it can help you with your math for example because it helps mental skills such as ordering and other important elements in math.
    • Patrick Reid
       
      This webpage is useful to my project even though there is not much information there is some very good information in my opinion about the brain and music and school which is perfect for my groups project.
  •  
    Not the best site for credibility.
Daryl Bambic

We Are More Than Commodities: False Consciousness and Why It's Still Relevant I The Ham... - 1 views

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    "The false consciousness that is theorized by Marx and exposed in this particular scene of Tressell's book has real effects that continue to plague the working class. Unemployment, underemployment and poverty have characterized the typical working-class existence for the past four centuries; and, rather than being correctly viewed as manufactured realities, have gradually become accepted as an inescapable part of human life on earth. However, they are hardly inescapable or necessary. And this understanding may only be realized through an assessment of the mechanisms of capitalism."
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