Group items tagged

here are layers of social stratification in every society

here are the "haves" who coexist with the masses or "Have nots."

he PRB uses a measure of relative economic well being called the GNI PPP. The GNI PPP is the gross national income of a country converted to international dollars using a factor called the purchasing power parity.

That means the stratification difference between the world's top five countries is over 149 times higher than the bottom 5 countries.

More Developed Nations are nations with comparably higher wealth than most countries of the world including: Western Europe; Canada, United States, Japan, and Australia-these are also called Now Rich Countries.

lso called Now Poor Countries.

The higher the GNI PPP the better off the average person in that country

Females made much less income than males in all categories.

In sum, the females with the highest income are married.

Single females reported the lowest income

Basically, the higher the education, the higher the annual income in 2007.

Official data begin to tell you the story about how the layers look in a society.

Dating relationships begin much earlier than adults realize. 47% of tweens and 37% of 11 and 12-year olds say they've been in a boyfriend/girlfriend relationship. 72% say dating relationships begin by age 14. Nearly one-third of tweens and parents say sexual activity is a part of tween dating relationships. Specifically, the percentage of tweens and parents identified below acknowledge the following acts as part of a dating relationship: Touching and feeling up - 37% of tweens and 31% of parents Oral sex - 27% of tweens and 26% of parents Sexual intercourse - 28% of tweens and 26% of parents Tweens in relationships report sexual activity among their peer group. 47% know a friend or someone their age who has touched and felt up a partner. 31% know a friend or peer who has had oral sex. 33% know a friend or peer who has had sexual intercourse. Parents continue to believe 'it's not my child.' Of the parents who say that sex is part of a tween relationship: 59% know that their child has kissed a boyfriend or girlfriend. 17% know their child has made out with a partner. Only 7% say their child has gone further than kissing or making out. The "Tween and Teen Dating Violence and Abuse Study" was conducted January 2-18, 2008 by TRU (Teenage Research Unlimited) and the survey's findings were released July 8, 2008. Suggested ReadingTween DatingTeen Dating, Sex and RelationshipsRelating to Your Tween Related ArticlesFacts on Tween Dating Abuse and Violence - Statistics on Tweens and Dating ...Kids, Dating and Safety - What Parents Should Know About Kids, Dating and K...Tweens - Understanding Today's TweensSingle Parent Dating - Before You Start Single Parent DatingGrandparents Rights in Oregon - Grandparents Rights by State Linda LowenWomen's Issues GuideSign up for my NewsletterMy BlogMy Forum Advertisement Issues Ads Dating Women Online Dating Dating Tips Dating Chat Rooms Dating Girl

Cesare Lombroso

positivist criminology who thought he had isolated specific physiological characteristics of “degeneracy”

James Fallon

lack of brain activity has been linked with specific genetic markers

environment, and not just genes

psychopathy and sociopathy are recognized as problematic forms of deviance because of prevalent social anxieties about serial killers as types of criminal who “live next door” or blend in.

deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law

Folkways

Mores

laws are norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies

rime is therefore an act of deviance that breaks not only a norm, but a law. Deviance can be as minor as picking one’s nose in public or as major as committing murder.

Firstly, deviance is defined by its social context. To understand why some acts are deviant and some are not, it is necessary to understand what the context is, what the existing rules are, and how these rules came to be established

Whether an act is deviant or not depends on society’s definition of that act

deviance is not an intrinsic (biological or psychological) attribute of individuals, nor of the acts themselves, but a product of social processes.

moral entrepreneurs

individuals’ deviant status is ascribed to them through social processes

even when these beliefs about kinds of persons are products of objective scientific classification, the institutional context of science and expert knowledge is not independent of societal norms, beliefs, and practices

social control,

organized action intended to change people’s behaviour

maintain social order,

enforcing rules are through sanctions

Positive

Negative

formal or informal

Formal sanctions

Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532),

It was not, however, until the 19th century and the invention of modern institutions like the prison, the public school, the modern army, the asylum, the hospital, and the factory, that the means for extending government and social control widely through the population were developed.

disciplinary social control 

Foucault argues that the ideal of discipline as a means of social control is to render individuals docile.

The chief components of disciplinary social control in modern institutions like the prison and the school are surveillance, normalization, and examination

seeing machine.

rows of desks

one-way glass or video monitors.

normalization

examinations

disciplinary social control as a key mechanism in creating a normalizing society.

One way deviance is functional, he argued, is that it challenges people’s present views

which also contributes to society

crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.

cial disorganization theor

A person is not born a criminal, but becomes one over time, often based on factors in his or her social environment.

Individuals who believe they are a part of society are less likely to commit crimes against it.

Attachment

Commitment

involvement,

belief,

studies have found that children from disadvantaged communities who attend preschool programs that teach basic social skills are significantly less likely to engage in criminal activity

strain theory

that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates.

Critical sociology looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.

but as evidence of inequality in the system.

accommodatio

consensus crimes

Conflict crime

Social deviations

The second sociological insight

secondary victimization

Women who are regarded as criminally deviant are often seen as being  doubly deviant. They have broken the laws but they have also broken gender norms about appropriate female behaviour, whereas men’s criminal behaviour is seen as consistent with their aggressive, self-assertive character

medicalize

n part the gender difference revolves around patriarchal attitudes toward women and the disregard for matters considered to be of a private or domestic nature

1970s, women worked to change the criminal justice system and establish rape crisis centres and battered women’s shelters, bringing attention to domestic violence.

Interestingly women and men report similar rates of spousal violence

more a result of differential socialization processes.

Labelling Theory

Labelling theory examines the ascribing of a deviant behaviour to another person by members of society.

not so much by the behaviours themselves or the people who commit them, but by the reactions of others to these behaviours.

Secondary deviance can be so strong that it bestows a master status on an individual

Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s self-concept and behaviour begin to change after his or her actions are labelled as deviant by members of society.

The criminal justice system is ironically one of the primary agencies of socialization into the criminal “career path.”