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The first, and longest, era stretched from the 17th century through the early 19th century. Immigrants came from a range of places, including the German-speaking area of the Palatinate, France (Protestant Huguenots), and the Netherlands. Other immigrants were Jews, also from the Netherlands and from Poland, but most immigrants of this era tended to hail from the British Isles, with English, Scottish, Welsh, and Ulster Irish gravitating toward different colonies (later states) and regions.

The numbers who came during this era were relatively small

changed, however, by the 1820s.

first era of mass migration

decade through the 1880s, about 15 million

immigrants made their way to the United States

She believed that women needed to learn to be proficient with firearms to defend themselves and that they could even help fight for their country.

If nothing else, Annie Oakley helped expand the career options of American women.

Annie rose to stardom from humble roots. In the mid-1860s her father, Jacob, died, and her mother, Susan, had a devil of a time trying to make ends meet with seven children age 15 or younger on her hands.

Her life took a turn for the better when she met Irishman Frank ('Jimmie') Butler of the Butler and Baughman shooting act.

A courtship ensued — between Annie and Frank, that is — and the couple was married within the year…or so the legend has it.

They told everyone that they were married about a year after they met, and their only known marriage certificate says they tied the knot on June 20, 1882, in Windsor, Canada, when Annie was 21.

She filled in admirably and became an instant hit. She chose 'Oakley' as her stage name for some unknown reason and began to tour with Frank.

they met Buffalo Bill Cody, but he didn't hire her until after she and her manager-husband had come to Louisville, Ky., early in 1885 for a three-day tryout. After an agreement was struck, Buffalo Bill brought her to the mess tent to introduce her to the members of his Wild West, which had been inaugurated in 1883.

Annie Oakley and Frank Butler toured with the Wild West for some 16 seasons, and the only contract they had with Cody was verbal.

The Oakley act was spectacular

Dexter Fellows, a sometimes press agent for the Wild West, wrote in his autobiographical book This Way to the Big Show that Annie 'was a consummate actress, with a personality that made itself felt as soon as she entered the arena.

Frank Butler also got into the act, releasing clay pigeons for his wife. She would jump over her gun table and shoot the clay bird before it hit the ground.

Charlatan shooters preferred to shoot ashes from cigars (with the help of a wire embedded in the cigar and twisted by the assistant's tongue at the proper moment), so Annie insisted on shooting only whole cigarettes. Her act often included hitting targets while riding a bicycle with no hands.

At Annie's command, he dropped a tin plate. Annie turned, fired and hit it square, all within about half a second.

Annie Oakley had a theatrical flair and the quickness and agility of an athlete. But none of it would have meant too much had she not been such a top hand with all kinds of firearms

The famous Sioux (Lakota) spiritual leader and medicine man Sitting Bull toured with the Wild West during the 1885 season. Annie had actually met him the previous year in a St. Paul, Minn., theater, when Sitting Bull, then a resident of the Standing Rock

They were happily reunited the next year as employees of Cody's Wild West. Whenever Sitting Bull got peevish that season, Cody would send for Little Sure Shot, who would talk to the Lakota leader for a while and then do her jig before leaving his quarters.

Annie Oakley had not been born in the West, and she had not lived there. But for many years she had certainly looked likea cowgirl, and she had ridden a horse and shot better than most any Westerner, of either sex, while performing in Wild West shows. To call her, then, a 'Western legend' does not miss the mark…even if she was too good, and too good a shot, to shoot anyone.

After giving her last performance with Young Buffalo Wild West on October 4, 1913, Annie and Frank retired to a new home in Cambridge, Md., and also spent a lot of their time at resorts in Pinehurst, N.C., and Leesburg, Fla. Hunting and shooting remained a big part of their lives.

Biographer Shirl Kasper, however, argues that Annie was not badly hurt in the wreck (the Charlotte Observer reported that nobody from the Wild West was injured) and that while Annie's hair did turn white rather fast, it wasn't because of the train wreck. Two newspaper articles in Annie's scrapbooks at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center say that her hair turned white

Buffalo Bill's Wild West played in more than 130 towns in both 1895 and 1896.

When reporters reminded Li'l Missie that she had shot a cigarette out of the mouth of the kaiser (Wilhelm II) during the 1890-91 tour, she remarked that she wished that she had missed that particular shot.

At first, the French apparently thought Buffalo Bill's whole spectacle, including the shooting, was a fake, but when they saw Annie Oakley perform, they became convinced that she was the real thing.

That same year, Lillian Smith left the show, and Annie had no competition from any other female sharpshooter in France.

While Annie was touring with Pastor, Frank Butler also arranged frequent shooting matches and exhibitions for his wife. In one match for $50 she broke all 50 clay birds, and in another, featuring 50 live pigeons, she defeated Miles Johnson, champion of New Jersey.

But there was room for both of them, and the Wild West continued to be a big hit when it moved into Madison Square Garden that winter.

In 1887, the two women sharpshooters and the rest of Buffalo Bill's Wild West sailed to London as part of the U.S. delegation to Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.

On May 11, it was Queen Victoria's turn to have a command performance. It was held at the exhibition grounds after her courtiers convinced her that they couldn't fit Cody's outfit into Windsor Castle.

Oakley's rising fame may have gone to her head, or to

the head of her husband, and a rift developed between them and Cody.

this need was filled once again by immigrants arriving from Europe.

25 million arrived between 1866 and 1915

immigrants had come mainly from northern European countries such as England, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries

1880s most new immigrants were arriving from southern and eastern European countries such as Italy, Poland and Russia.

World War I in 1919, immigration declined dramatically

low through the Depression era of the 1930s and the World War II years of the early 1940s.

began to increase again during the late 1940s, and has risen steadily since that time.

The current phase of immigration history began in 1965, when strict quotas based on nationality were eliminated. In 1978, the United States government set a single annual world quota of 290,000, and this ceiling was raised again in 1990 to 700,000.

pace that at times has exceeded one million new arrivals per year

effort to include woman suffrage in the state constitution. She wrote numerous short stories and poems, most published in the Woman's Exponent, later compiling her poetry, her favorite literary medium, into a single volume, Musings and Memories. In 1912 she became the first Utah woman to receive an honorary degree, awarded her by Brigham Young University. Known for her executive talents, her superb memory, and her indefatigable energy

Utah women of all faiths and

Emmeline Blanche Woodward (Harris Whitney) Wells was born Emmeline Blanche Woodward in 1828 in Petersham, Massachusetts. A precocious child, she acquired an exceptional education for her time and place, graduating at age fourteen from the New Salem Academy and teaching school briefly thereafter. Converting to the Mormon Church in 1842, she married James Harris the next year, and in 1844 they migrated to Nauvoo, Illinois, then Church headquarters. After the death of her son Eugene Henri and the desertion of her husband, she married Newel K. Whitney

as a plural wife, traveling to Utah with the Whitney family in 1848. Whitney's death in 1850 left her with two young daughters whom she supported by teaching school. Emmeline became the seventh wife of Daniel H. Wells

and dedicated her energies to working in their behalf. Becoming editor of the Exponent in 1877, she used the publication for the next thirty-seven years to support woman suffrage and educational and economic opportunities for women as well as to

A strong supporter of polygamy, Emmeline defended the practice before numerous congressional committees and in audiences with three United States Presidents. For nearly thirty years she represented Utah women in the National Woman's Suffrage Association and the National and International Councils of Women, while spearheading the successfu

On her hundredth

Anglo enamelware had replaced traditional containers and cooking pots.

Maria was asked to replicate some pre-historic pottery styles that had been discovered in an archaeological excavation of an ancient pueblo site near San Ildefonso

Maria and Julian refined their pottery techniques and were asked to demonstrate their craft at several expositions, including the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the 1914 Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, and the 1934 Chicago World's Fair. Part of their success came from their innovations in the style of black-on-black ware.

Maria's interest and willingness to experiment with techniques prevented this from occurring.

She graduated from Hering Medical College in Chicago in 1899.

Dr. Ford faced the obstacles of being both African American and a woman in a profession that much of society felt belonged to white males.

Dr. Ford estimated that she had delivered more than 7,000 babies.

1950, she was still the only physician in Colorado to be both African American and female

negative opinions that some clothing styles may generate

from the public