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review of the clinical studies of DHEA and DHEA-S find no negative side-effects: only positive effects.  Overdosage of DHEA, which is common in women, obviously can result in side effects, though.

LC-MS/MS overcomes the limitations of immunoassays in hormone testing.  LC-MS/MS is the new gold standard with sensitivity, specificity, and ease second to none.  LC-MS/MS is the bench science now coming to the practice of medicine.

knowledge of progesterone and its metabolites are important in the use of hormones.  As the authors concluded here: "natural steroids should not be disparaged...an update on endocrinological knowledge and experience is rather mandatory for gynecologists".  There in lies the problem.  The IOM has shown that the average physician practices at a level of 17 years behind the current scientific knowledge and the environment created by medical governing bodies discourages questions, so as to protect the system.

Another support point for Estrogen as a cause of low Testosterone.  This animal study points to signaling of Estradiol through ER alpha.  This study found high expression of ER alpha and subsequent signaling by E2 decreased cAMP and Nur77 transcription factor.  Nur77 increases steroid synthesis.  This was confirmed with ER alpha knockout mice.

bioavailable Testosterone found to be approximately 30% of the total circulating Testosterone.  Only 1-3% of that percentage is unbound.  The other is bound to albumin.

In catabolic states, such as in burn injuries, anabolic steroids such as a synthetic anabolic agent (oxandrolone) improves recovery.  This could be easily extrapolated to androgens in general.

Case study and review of potential side effects from the "doping" of Testosterone that is occuring today in physicians offices.

Just the abstract here, but article discusses the various forms of Testosterone.  There is protein bound and inactive at apps 70%.  Free or bioavailable is at 2-4% with the remaining loosely bound to albumin.

Interesting animal study finds that the brain can make sex hormones, DHEA and Testosterone in this article, de novo from cholesterol.  This is one mechanism by which the body can adapt to low T.  This also brings to light the effects that low adrenal output can have on T as well.

Leptin shown to inhibit steroid hormone synthesis in the gonads via inhibition of 17beta-HSD.  This is in addition to other reports of inhibition of 17,20 lyase, adrenal cortisol inhibition, inhibition of CRF, and inhibition of LH/FSH.

Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels.

Saliva as a medium for chronobiological studies: its particular potential in steroid endocrinology.

saliva testing is excellent medium for testing

sex hormones effect thyroid function

salivary testing of 17-hydroxyprogesterone shown to be reliable testing method

common anti-hypertensive medication shown to reduce testosterone levles

A study by scientists in a UK university has shown the scale of the prevalence of a condition that can lead to various cardiometabolic diseases. The study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine journal on Tuesday (January 4) has prompted calls for changes to healthcare policy after researchers revealed, for the first time, the scale of the impact of the condition associated with benign tumours that can lead to type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Up to 10 per cent of adults have a benign tumour, or lump, known as an 'adrenal incidentaloma' in their adrenal glands which can be associated with the overproduction of hormones including the stress steroid hormone cortisol that can lead to type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Previous small studies suggested that one in three adrenal incidentalomas produce excess cortisol, a condition called mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). An international research team led by the University of Birmingham carried out the largest ever prospective study of over 1,305 patients with adrenal incidentalomas to assess their risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes and their cortisol production by comparing patients with and without MACS.

British scientists said on Thursday (December 30) they would be studying whether higher doses of a cheap and widely used steroid called dexamethasone could work better for patients with severe Covid-19 compared to the standard low doses. Last year, the same scientists conducting the large trial, dubbed RECOVERY, showed that dexamethasone was able to save the lives of Covid-19 patients in what was called a "major breakthrough" in the coronavirus pandemic. They had found that a 6 mg daily dose of dexamethasone, which is used to reduce inflammation in diseases such as arthritis, cut death rates by around a third among the most severely ill Covid-19 patients in hospitals. "Given how quickly the Omicron variant is spreading, we can expect to see patients admitted to hospital with severe Covid-19 for a while to come," said Peter Horby, an Oxford University professor co-leading the trial.