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danielle k

SIRS: Creating Fido's Twin - 0 views

sks.sirs.com/...hst-article-display

cloning pros and cons

shared by danielle k on 07 May 13 - No Cached
  •   Commercial pet cloning--currently cats only--is now available from the firm Genetic Savings and Clone for the small price of $30,000. In December 2004, a nine-week-old cat clone was delivered to its owner, the first of six customers waiting for the identical twin of a beloved pet.1 "Little Nicky," as he's known, has stirred up a great deal of ethical controversy, with more to come as the firm expands to dog cloning sometime in 2005.
    • danielle k
      danielle k on 07 May 13
       
      one way of cloning
    • danielle k
      danielle k on 07 May 13
       
      they can be used as companion animals
  • cloning of companion animals seems morally suspect in a way that the cloning of animals for agricultural purposes or for biomedical research does not.
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • ethics of cloning animals that will be healthier to eat or will advance science or medicine, there is a natural argument to be made that the technique will serve the greater human good.
  • pet cloning, there is really no analogous argument, however wonderful the original "Missy," the mixed-breed dog whose owner funded the now-famous Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M to make pet cloning possible.
  • enhance general human well-being.
  • balancing the cost to animals against the possible benefit to humans, the ethics of pet cloning seems to be a simple equation: a concern for animal welfare equals an anticloning stance.
    • danielle k
      danielle k on 07 May 13
       
      being able to clone animals came from the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M 
  • benefits to animals, and what if these benefits outweighed the pain and suffering they endure from cloning research and procedures? Then there would be an argument in favor of pet cloning at least as strong as those offered for cloning conducted for agriculture or medical research. The idea of animals suffering for animal benefit makes a tidy moral case that just might justify the practice.
  • cloning critics. But the benefit to animals that I will consider is this: the practice of pet cloning--like advanced veterinary care such as transplants, neurosurgery, orthopedics, and psychopharmaceuticals--might improve the public's perception of the moral status of companion animals because it puts an
  • imals in the category of being worthy of a very high level of expense and concern. Something that warrants this level of commitment and investment seems valuable intrinsically, not merely instrumentally, and this change in the public's perception could have far-reaching benefits for all animals.
  • controversial claim is true--that pet cloning might contribute to an increase in the public's esteem for companion animals-
  • it can justify pet cloning only for those who already find some forms of animal cloning morally acceptable.
  • premise that some types of cloning are morally justified by the benefits that will result from them. People opposed in principle to all forms of animal cloning--for example, because this type of biotechnology is "playing God"
  • animals should never be used in research--will not accept this consequentialist starting point. The most straightforward way to make the point is this: we can talk about justifying pet cloning only on the assumption that animal cloning for dearly important ends--like medical or pharmaceutical advances--is morally permissible. If one rejects those types of cloning, the argument about pet cloning cannot get off the ground.
  •   Critics of pet cloning typically offer three objections: (1) the cloning process causes animals to suffer; (2) widely available pet cloning could have bad consequences for the overwhelming numbers of unwanted companion animals; and, (3) companies that offer pet cloning are deceiving and exploiting grieving pet owners.
  •  Animal Suffering
  • cost of animal cloning
  • science is called "efficiency,
  • 1 to 2 percent, meaning that of every one hundred embryos implanted in surrogate animals, ninety-eight or ninety-nine fail to produce live offspring.3
  • of suffering on the part of the donor animals:
  • one or two live animals, one hundred eggs must be harvested and one hundred embryos implanted. In the experiments conducted to clone "CC" the calico cat, one hundred and eighty-eight eggs were harvested, eighty-seven cloned embryos were transferred into eight female cats, two of the females became pregnant, and one live kitten was born.4
  • 50% mortality rate for the live offspring,
  • five out of ten dying between three and one hundred and thirty days of age from ailments including chronic diarrhea, congestive heart failure, and decreased growth rate.5 A study published last year showed that cloned mice experience early death due to liv
  • er failure and lung problems.6 Another study showed that cloned mice had a high tendency to morbid obesity.7
  • the cloning process and better health status for the clones that are born.8 Although the process that produced "CC" was inefficient, there were no kittens born with compromised health status. Research on cloned cattle published last year showed that once the animals survived infancy, they had no health problems when compared with non-clones.9 Genetics Savings and Clone claims that it has pioneered a
  • new cloning technique that not only improves the health status of clones but greatly increases cloning efficiency, achieving pregnancy loss rates on par with those of breeders.10 Although information is limited, the company claims that six healthy kittens have been born with no deformities. If this proves to be true, then the animal suffering caused by the process is limited to that of the surrogate mothers. There aren't even any donor animals involved, since the company uses eggs harvested from ovaries purchased from spay clinics. And the suffering of the surrogates is surely not greater than that of cats who "donate" kidneys for feline kidney transplants, a practice that has not received widespread criticism on grounds of inordinate feline suffering.11
  •  Unwanted Pets.
  • is that there are millions of unwanted pets in the United States.
  • justify the creation of designer companion animals when so many wonderful animals languish in shelters?
  • The Humane Society of the United States opposes pet cloning because it is dangerous for the animals involved, it serves no compelling social purpose, and it threatens to add to the pet overpopulation problem. It doesn't sit well with us to create animals
  • animals desperate for homes."12 To be sure, the data on the number of companion animals euthanized in American shelters are sobering. The 2001 Human Society report on the state of animals in the United States found that four to six million dogs and cats were euthanized in shelters in 2001.13 These figures do not include the millions of stray animals in the country: the ASPCA estimates that 70 million stray dogs and cats live in the United States.14
  • Taken at face value, pet cloning may seem at best a frivolous practice, costly both to the cloned pet's health and its owner's pocket. At worst, its critics say, it is misguided and unhealthy--a way of exploiting grief to the detriment of the animal, its owner, and perhaps even animal welfare in general.
  • clone Fido raise the status of companion animals in the public eye, then the practice might be defensible.
Katie S

Wildlife Online - How We Classify Organisms - 2 views

www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/classifying_organisms.html

classification

shared by Katie S on 21 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Generally-speaking, we humans have a desire to label and categorize things
  • We name objects because it makes our life easier. Let’s say you’re sitting on the sofa and you want your friend to pass the remote so you can see what else is on the TV – this process is rather difficult without names. A request like, “Please pass the thing on the thingy. I want to see what’s on the whats-am-a-jig”, is likely to meet with confusion. The request is easier for the other person to follow if things have names: “Please pass the remote on the coffee table. I want to see what’s on the TV”. Now, it’s true that you might be able to gesticulate at your friend until he or she either gets the idea, or misinterprets and takes offence, but what if you can’t see the person you need help from – charades doesn’t help then. Imagine that you’re sitting on the train going to work when you remember you forgot to get the pie out of the freezer to defrost in time for dinner; fortunately your partner has the day off and is at home. So, you phone up and ask “Can you get the thing out of the thingy so it’s thingy-ed in time for what’s-its-name?” 
  • So, the act of naming is a matter of convenience – whether the objects are pieces or furniture, bits of machinery, or animals we assign them names because it makes life a heck of a lot easier for us. We, for example, call a ‘fish’ with a cartilaginous skeleton and between five and seven pairs of gills a “shark”. This allows us to tell another person what animal we’re looking at or talking about. The use of a name certainly helps, but not without problems. Telling someone that you went diving with sharks while on holiday is kinda like saying you went out for dinner with some primates; it’s not quite as specific as we might want because there are lots of different ‘types’ of primates (and sharks). Consequently, to make our meaning as clear as possible, objects (be they animals, plants, bacteria, furniture, tools, etc.) are split into as narrow groups as possible and each group is given a name. So, for example, the group of ‘fish’ we call sharks gets further split up into different types of sharks based largely on how they look (their “morphology”), both internally (i.e. their skeleton, internal organs etc.) and externally (i.e. fins, gills, skin, colour etc.). Large groups are then split into smaller (i.e. more specific) ones and so on down the line until you have a group containing all the animals considered to be exactly the same in terms of the features we’re looking at (these can be morphological, genetic, ecological, biochemical, even behavioural): this is the species level (we’ll look at this in more detail later). Humans, chimpanzees, great white sharks, blackbirds, palmate newts and red squirrels are all examples of species. Some taxonomists opt to take the splitting below the species level and group animals into subspecies, infraspecies and forms (among others). Perhaps the extreme of this splitting is found in the human species, where every individual of the species is given his/her own name at birth. The problem is that this gets very complicated very quickly as the list of viable names soon runs out and leads to the confusing situation of several individuals with the same name – think how confusing it can be if there are two or three people in the office with the same name. Consequently, the branch of Science known as “Taxonomy” (from the Greek word taxis, meaning “order” or “rank” and –nomia, meaning “law”) is largely concerned with the grouping of organisms down to the species level.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • This process of giving each species a name is all well and good (it certainly makes it easier to be precise in our communications), but there’s a snag. In order for the system to work, everyone must call that “something” by the same (universally agreed) name – if the process isn’t regulated we can run into problems. Such problems are rife with “common names”. Here in the UK, we have an awesome bird of prey called a Peregrine falcon (the fastest bird in the world, clocked at speeds of 87mph / 140kmph during a dive - left). In North America, however, the same bird is more commonly known as the Duck hawk, after its impressive ability to nab ducks in mid-air. Anyone who wasn’t aware of this ‘double identity’ could reasonably assume that we were talking about two different species. The problem gets exponentially more complicated when local names, different languages and different dialects are taken into account. So, how do we get around this? Well, we do it by giving most species known to Science two names: a vernacular (common) and a scientific (often referred to as Latin, but more accurately a Latinized-Greek) one. While it’s true that not all species have a vernacular name (e.g. many bacteria, mosses, lichens etc.), this isn’t a major issue because it is the Latin name that’s the important one; it’s designed to remove confusion caused by dual identities.
  • Carl von Linné (also variously referred to as Carl Linnaeus, Carolus Linnaeus and, more colloquially, the ‘Father of Taxonomy’), is largely responsible for the way we classify creatures today.
  • The system comprises a series of levels, or categories, called taxa (singular being taxon) and assigns each species a binominal name. All scientific names ascribed to species are initially binomial (i.e. they are composed of two parts), consisting of a generic (i.e. genus-related) and a specific (i.e. species-related) epithet
  • We now recognize six kingdoms: Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi and moulds), Eubacteria (the bacteria – sometimes called Monera); Archaea (microbes similar to bacteria); and the Protista (something of a dumping ground for all multi-cellular organisms that don’t fit into any of the aforementioned groups – sometimes called Protoctista). Despite some quite apparent differences between the two, a few textbooks merge the Eubacteria and Archaea into a single kingdom: the Prokaryota.
  • Depending on the scheme you choose to follow (and they’re changing all the time!), the kingdoms break down roughly as follows: * Plantae is divided into about 12 phyla and comprise about 270,000 species. * Animalia is split into about 33 phyla and contains about 800,000 species (although this is probably a drastic underestimate of the true figure). * Fungi have five phyla and about 100,000 species. * Eubacteria have three phyla and a number of species that is difficult even to estimate – some authors suggest 1,000,000,000 (a billion) but even this could be a considerable underestimate! * Archaea are poorly known and there are currently three main (and five tentative) phyla that have been created based largely on laboratory cultures (estimates of total phyla range from 18 to 23). The most recent list I can find (1999) contains 209 species. * Protista comprise some 20 to 50 phyla and about 23,000+ species.
  • Great White (right). Kingdom: Animalia (mobile critters; have many cells; can’t make their own food) Phylum: Chordata (flexible skeletal rod with accompanying nerves) Class: Chondrichthyes (‘fish’ with a cartilaginous skeleton) Order: Lamniformes (‘Mackerel’ sharks) Family: Lamnidae (‘Mackerel’ sharks) Genus: Carcharodon (from the Greek carcharos meaning “ragged” or “pointed” and odon meaning “tooth”) Species: carcharias (Greek for “shark”)
  • Katie S on 21 Jan 13
     
    How and Why do we Classify?
Gabriela R

Kingdom Fungi - Types, Characteristics, Examples, Pictures of Fungi | Healthhype.com - 0 views

www.healthhype.com/xamples-pictures-of-fungi.html

Fungi

shared by Gabriela R on 20 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • multicellular molds and mushrooms.
  • unicellular yeasts
  • beneficial: they decompose dead organisms, they can be used in production of food, they are part of normal human flora. Other fungi are pathogenic, meaning they may cause diseases (mycoses) in plants, animals and human. Certain fungi, like Candida albicans, can be beneficial when present in small amounts in body tissues, but can overgrow in certain circumstances, like low immunity and become harmful (opportunistic fungi).
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Types of Fungi
  • 3. Mushrooms
  • 2. Molds
  • 1. Yeasts
  • tubular threads called hyphae through which they absorb nutrients. Hyphae may branch and form mycelium.
  • Examples:
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Saccharomyces boulardii
  • Pityrosporum ovale
  • Candida albican
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Common genera are:
  • Penicillium
  • Aspergillus
  • Rhizopus
  • Mucor
Katie S

The Aquatic Biome - 2 views

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/...aquatic.html

Aquatice Biomes

shared by Katie S on 12 Nov 12 - Cached
    • Katie S
      Katie S on 12 Nov 12
       
      Open Ocean is another name for pelagic zone
  • pelagic zone is generally cold
  • The flora in the pelagic zone include surface seaweeds. The fauna include many species of fish and some mammals, such as whales and dolphins. Many feed on the abundant plankton.
  • ...32 more annotations...
  • benthic zone is the area below the pelagic zone, but does not include the very deepest parts of the ocean (see abyssal zone below)
  • The bottom of the zone consists of sand, slit, and/or dead organisms. Here temperature decreases as depth increases toward the abyssal zone, since light cannot penetrate through the deeper water. Flora are represented primarily by seaweed while the fauna, since it is very nutrient-rich, include all sorts of bacteria, fungi, sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea stars, and fishes.
  • deep ocean is the abyssal zone
  • water in this region is very cold (around 3° C), highly pressured, high in oxygen content, but low in nutritional content. The abyssal zone supports many species of invertebrates and fishes. Mid-ocean ridges (spreading zones between tectonic plates), often with hydrothermal vents, are found in the abyssal zones along the ocean floors. Chemosynthetic bacteria thrive near these vents because of the large amounts of hydrogen sulfide and other minerals they emit. These bacteria are thus the start of the food web as they are eaten by invertebrates and fishes.
  • Coral Reefs Coral reefs are widely distributed in warm shallow waters. They can be found as barriers along continents (e.g., the Great Barrier Reef off Australia), fringing islands, and atolls. Naturally, the dominant organisms in coral reefs are corals.
  • Since reef waters tend to be nutritionally poor, corals obtain nutrients through the algae via photosynthesis and also by extending tentacles to obtain plankton from the water. Besides corals, the fauna include several species of microorganisms, invertebrates, fishes, sea urchins, octopuses, and sea stars.
  • Estuaries Estuaries are areas where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the ocean. This mixing of waters with such different salt concentrations creates a very interesting and unique ecosystem.
  • algae
  • seaweeds, marsh grasses, and mangrove trees (only in the tropics), can be found here. Estuaries support a diverse fauna, including a variety of worms, oysters, crabs, and waterfowl.
  • The near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone is the limnetic zone. The limnetic zone is well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by plankton, both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Plankton are small organisms that play a crucial role in the food chain. Without aquatic plankton, there would be few living organisms in the world, and certainly no humans. A variety of freshwater fish also occupy this zone.
  • Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration—usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e, ocean). There are different types of freshwater regions: ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. The following sections describe the characteristics of these three freshwater zones.
  • The topmost zone near the shore of a lake or pond is the littoral zone. This zone is the warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat. It sustains a fairly diverse community, which can include several species of algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians. In the case of the insects, such as dragonflies and midges, only the egg and larvae stages are found in this zone. The vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are food for other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and ducks.
  • Ponds and Lakes These regions range in size from just a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Scattered throughout the earth, several are remnants from the Pleistocene glaciation. Many ponds are seasonal, lasting just a couple of months (such as sessile pools) while lakes may exist for hundreds of years or more. Ponds and lakes may have limited species diversity since they are often isolated from one another and from other water sources like rivers and oceans. Lakes and ponds are divided into three different “zones” which are usually determined by depth and distance from the shoreline.
  • Temperature varies in ponds and lakes seasonally.
  • Plankton have short life spans—when they die, they fall into the deep-water part of the lake/pond, the profundal zone. This zone is much colder and denser than the other two. Little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into the profundal zone. The fauna are heterotrophs, meaning that they eat dead organisms and use oxygen
  • ater temperature of around 4° C. This mixing also circulates oxygen throughout the lak
  • Of course there are many lakes and ponds that do not freeze during the winter, thus the top layer would be a little warmer.
  • Streams and Rivers
  • These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction. Streams and rivers can be found everywhere—they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or the ocean.
  • characteristics of a river or stream change during the journey from the source to the mouth. The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth. The water is also clearer, has higher oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and heterotrophs can be found there. Towards the middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does species diversity—numerous aquatic green plants and algae can be found. Toward the mouth of the river/stream, the water becomes murky from all the sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water. Since there is less light, there is less diversity of flora, and because of the lower oxygen levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found.
  • Wetlands
  • Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants. Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. Plant species adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are called hydrophytes. These include pond lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce. Marsh flora also include such species as cypress and gum. Wetlands have the highest species diversity of all ecosystems. Many species of amphibians, reptiles, birds (such as ducks and waders), and furbearers can be found in the wetlands. Wetlands are not considered freshwater ecosystems as there are some, such as salt marshes, that have high salt concentrations—these support different species of animals, such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses.
  • Marine Regions Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth’s surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Marine algae supply much of the world’s oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land.
  • Oceans The largest of all the ecosystems, oceans are very large bodies of water that dominate the Earth’s surface.
  • separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. All four zones have a great diversity of species. Some say that the ocean contains the richest diversity of species even though it contains fewer species than there are on land.
  • sometimes it is submerged and at other times exposed, as waves and tides come in and out. Because of this, the communities are constantly changing
  • intertidal zone is where the ocean meets the land
  • algae and mollusks
  • herbivorous snails, crabs, sea stars, and small fishes
  • invertebrates, fishes, and seaweed
  • Waves keep mud and sand constantly moving, thus very few algae and plants can establish themselves—the fauna include worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, crabs, and shorebirds
  • pelagic zone includes those waters further from the land, basically the open ocean.
JI-Yoon K

Pond & Lake Ecosystem - Biome Wiki - 0 views

biomes7.wetpaint.com/...Pond+&+Lake+Ecosystem

pond lake ecosystem

shared by JI-Yoon K on 16 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • The scientific name is Lemna minor.
  • By justinbaeder on flickr Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant. It is found all around the world except for the coldest areas. It grows in slow moving fresh-water.
  • Cattails are very common in ponds and lakes. The scientific name for a cattail is Typha latifolia. There leaves are flat, 8-15 tapering. There colors are usually brown, or light brown.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Water lilies are also called lily pads.Water lilies have thick, sturdy stems.They are custom built to float on top of the water.
  • Water lilies are becoming endangered because the wetlands are becoming endangered. The scientific name for a water lily is Nymphaea ororata.
  • There are 7,000 different types of Green Algae in many different types of habitats.It can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae intertwines within eachother to look bigger and be stronger.Some organisms depend on Green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The scientific name for Green Algae is Pediastrum boryanum.
  • Plant plankton or Phytoplankton is a single celled organism that changes carbon dioxide into oxygen that humans can breath. Most plankton can only be seen with a microscope, although some aquatic animals are considered plankton to. Because of the way theyfloat through the water. The scientific name for Phytoplankton isCylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
  • JI-Yoon K on 16 Nov 12
     
    Information about plants in the pond and lake
Katie S

Classification of Living Things - 9 views

www.windows2universe.org/...classification_intro.html

classification

shared by Katie S on 21 Jan 13 - Cached
  • Scientists have found and described approximately 1.75 million species on Earth. Plus, new species are being discovered every day. From tiny bacteria to yeasts to starfish to blue whales, life's diversity is truly impressive! With such a diversity of life on Earth, how does one go about making sense of it all?
    • Katie S
      Katie S on 22 Jan 13
       
      This website allows you to change the reading level. Choose the level that fits you and that you can understand.
  • One way to make sense of it is by classification. Scientists put similar species into groups so that those millions of species do not seem so overwhelming. People rely on their knowledge of classification to understand what different species are like.
  • Living things are divided into three groups based on their genetic similarity. The three groups are: Archaea: very ancient prokaryotic microbes. Eubacteria: More advanced prokaryotic microbes. Eukaryota: All life forms with eukaryotic cells including plants and animals These three groups are called domains
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The figure at the left shows the three domains of life. The distance between groups indicates how closely related they are. Groups that are close together, like plants and animals, are much more closely related than groups that are far apart, like plants and bacteria. Do you see how the two types of microbes, Archaea and Eubacteria, are about as similar to one another as they are to animals? Recent studies have found that microbes are far more diverse than anyone had suspected.
  • The Eukaryota domain is divided into several groups called kingdoms. Kingdom Protista – Organisms with just one eukaryotic cell Kingdom Fungi – Including mushrooms and other fungus Kingdom Plantae – Including trees, grass and flowers Kingdom Animalia – From snails to birds to mammals like you!
  • Within each kingdom, species are further classified into groups based on similarities. For example, the full classification of a human is: Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
  • Katie S on 21 Jan 13
     
    Explanation of how living things are classified
Asha G

mollusks3 - 0 views

ic.galegroup.com/...ReferenceDetailsWindow

Mollusks

shared by Asha G on 19 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • jQuery(document).ready(function(){ var jsid = jQuery.url().param('jsid'); if (typeof(jsid)==='undefined'){ var resetParam = jQuery.url().param('resetBreadCrumb'); if(_.isUndefined(resetParam)) { resetParam = 'false'; } var breadCrumbUrl = "/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/BreadCrumbWin?id=addBreadcrumb&action=f&cacheability=PAGE" + '&resetBreadCrumb=' + resetParam + '&title=' + encodeURIComponent(pageTitle) + '&url=' + encodeURIComponent(document.location.href); jQuery('#breadcrumb_container').load(breadCrumbUrl); } }); Search Results \ Document jQuery(document).ready(function(){ jQuery('input').click(function(){ var ourText = jQuery('.main_content'); var currFontSize = ourText.css('fontSize'); var finalNum = parseFloat(currFontSize, 10); var stringEnding = currFontSize.slice(-2); if(this.id == 'largerFont') { finalNum *= 1.2; } else if (this.id == 'smallerFont'){ finalNum /=1.2; } if(finalNum < 34.5 && finalNum > 5.4){ ourText.css('fontSize', finalNum + stringEnding); } }); }); Disclaimer: You have requested a machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Neither Gale nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations.
Rachel K.

Scientists mimic fireflies to make brighter LEDs: New bio-inspired coating that increas... - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...130108112453.htm

shared by Rachel K. on 09 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Researchers from Belgium, France, and Canada studied the internal structure of firefly lanterns,
  • The scientists identified an unexpected pattern of jagged scales that enhanced the lanterns' glow, and applied that knowledge to LED design to create an LED overlayer that mimicked the natural structure.
  • to help humans light up the night while using less energy.
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