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"Quantum Foam, Space-Time is much less "Foamy" than models predict. Quantum foam (also referred to as space-time foam) is a concept in quantum mechanics devised by John Wheeler in 1955. The foam is supposed to be conceptualized as the foundation of the fabric of the universe."

"Due to the large core of multimode Optical Fiber, some of the light rays goes zigzag as they bounce off the cladding and others make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route. These phenomena cause the different groups of light rays. These different groups of light rays are referred to as modes. These modes are arrived separately at the receiving point. The pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined shape. The need to leave spacing between pulses to prevent overlapping limits the amount of information that can be sent. In a core the refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding, meaning the refractive index at the center is the most. At the center the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding due to the difference in the refractive index. Because of the graded index, the light in the core moves spirally rather than zigzag off the cladding. It significantly reduces its travel distance. The shortened path and the higher speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same time as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. Tough it takes the same time but as a result the digital pulse suffers less dispersion. Specific Applications * liquid absorbance analytical technique * solid or liquid reflection analytical technique * solid or liquid Raman analytical technique * integrated component of a medical instrument * individual light source "