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Scientists Say Ambient Noise Affects Creativity | Anthropology, Psychology | Sci-News.com - 0 views

  • professor of business administration at the University of Illinois
  • moderate level of noise not only enhances creative problem-solving but also leads to a greater adoption of innovative products in certain settings
  • explores how a moderate-level of ambient noise (about 70 decibels, equivalent to a passenger car traveling on a highway) enhances performance on creative tasks and increases the likelihood of consumers purchasing innovative products.
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  • researchers also studied how a high level of noise (85 decibels, equivalent to traffic noise on a major road) hurts creativity by reducing information processing.
  • around 70 decibels is the sweet spot
  • An increased level of distraction makes you think ‘out-of-the-box’ – what we call abstract thinking or abstract processing, which is a hallmark of increased creativity
  • go beyond that moderate level of noise what happens is that distraction becomes so huge that it really starts affecting the thought process
  • a moderate level of noise produces just enough distraction to lead to higher creativity, but a very high level of noise induces too much distraction, which actually reduces the amount of processing, thus leading to lower creativity
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How Our Brain Balances Old and New Skills - 0 views

  • To learn new motor skills, the brain must be plastic: able to rapidly change the strengths of connections between neurons, forming new patterns that accomplish a particular task
  • if the brain were too plastic, previously learned skills would be lost too easily.
  • A new computational model developed by MIT neuroscientists explains how the brain maintains the balance between plasticity and stability
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  • and how it can learn very similar tasks without interference between them.
  • The key
  • is that neurons are constantly changing their connections with other neurons
  • not all of the changes are functionally relevant - they simply allow the brain to explore many possible ways to execute a certain skill, such as a new tennis stroke
  • As the brain learns a new motor skill, neurons form circuits that can produce the desired output
  • according to this theory
  • As the brain explores different solutions, neurons can become specialized for specific tasks
  • brain is always trying to find the configurations that balance everything so you can do two tasks, or three tasks, or however many you're learning
  • Perfection is usually not achieved on the first try, so feedback from each effort helps the brain to find better solutions
  • complications arise when the brain is trying to learn many different skills at once
  • Because the same distributed network controls related motor tasks, new modifications to existing patterns can interfere with previously learned skills.
  • particularly tricky when you're learning very similar things
  • such as two different tennis strokes
  • computer chip,
  • instructions for each task would be stored in a different location on the chip.
  • the brain is not organized like a computer chip. Instead, it is massively parallel and highly connected - each neuron connects to, on average, about 10,000 other neurons
  • That connectivity offers an advantage, however, because it allows the brain to test out so many possible solutions to achieve combinations of tasks
  • neurons
  • have a very low signal to noise ratio, meaning that they receive about as much useless information as useful input from their neighbors
  • The constant changes in these connections,
  • researchers call hyperplasticity
  • balanced by another inherent trait of
  • Most models of neural activity don't include noise, but the MIT team says noise is a critical element of the brain's learning ability
  • This model helps to explain how the brain can learn new things without unlearning previously acquired skills
  • the paper shows is that, counterintuitively, if you have neural networks and they have a high level of random noise, that actually helps instead of hindering the stability problem
  • Without noise, the brain's hyperplasticity would overwrite existing memories too easily
  • low plasticity would not allow any new skills to be learned, because the tiny changes in connectivity would be drowned out by all of the inherent noise
  • The constantly changing connections explain why skills can be forgotten unless they are practiced often, especially if they overlap with other routinely performed tasks
  • skills such as riding a bicycle, which is not very similar to other common skills, are retained more easily
  • Once you've learned something, if it doesn't overlap or intersect with other skills, you will forget it but so slowly that it's essentially permanent
  • researchers are now investigating whether this type of model could also explain how the brain forms memories of events, as well as motor skills
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Researchers find novel approach to reactivate latent HIV - 0 views

  • A team of scientists
  • has identified a new way to make latent HIV reveal itself
  • could help overcome one of the biggest obstacles to finding a cure for HIV infection
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  • They discovered that increasing the random activity, or noise, associated with HIV gene expression–without increasing the average level of gene expression–can reactivate latent HIV
  • When HIV infects an immune cell, it inserts its genetic material into the DNA of the infected cell
  • In most cases, the immune cell's
  • makes copies of the viral genetic material
  • eventually leads to the production
  • of all the components needed to make more viruses
  • In some cases, however, HIV
  • goes into a holding pattern and the virus enters a latent state within the infected immune cell
  • This means that a small percentage of HIV hides in infected cells, beyond the reach of even the most potent drugs
  • people with HIV infection have to take antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the rest of their lives
  • Roy Dar, PhD,
  • "If we can make the virus show itself, we can then use ARVs to eliminate it.
  • This so-called 'shock and kill' approach holds great promise, but to date it has unfortunately shown only limited success."
  • In this study, the team tested the counter-intuitive notion that compounds that increase noise in gene expression could work together with transcriptional activators to increase overall levels of HIV reactivation
  • They found that while the noise enhancers could not cause reactivation on their own, 75 percent of them could synergize with activators and increase viral reactivation relative to activator alone
  • some noise enhancers doubled reactivation levels when combined with activators
  • "The implications for using noise also extend far beyond HIV reactivation, since random cellular activity contributes to a wide range of processes, from antibiotic persistence to cancer metastasis
  • Dr. Weinberger
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Study probes why kids with autism are oversensitive to touch, noise - 0 views

  • Certain areas in the brains of children with autism overreact to sensory stimuli, such as the touch of a scratchy sweater and loud traffic noises
  • a new small study shows
  • The finding helps to explain why autistic kids are five times more likely than other children to be overwhelmed by everyday sensations
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  • It's a condition called sensory over-responsivity, and it was recognized as one of the core features of autism spectrum disorder
  • "I think if anybody ever had a doubt that this was just some sort of odd pickiness or something like that in people with autism, this shows, no, there really is a brain basis for this," said Dr. Paul Wang
  • researchers recruited 32 children and teens. Half the group had been diagnosed with autism. The others were typically developing kids who were matched in age to the autistic kids.
  • scientists had them rest in a fMRI machine, a kind of scanner than can see brain activity in real time
  • they touched the kids with a scratchy wool sweater, played loud traffic noises or did both at the same time. Each condition was repeated four times for 15 seconds
  • The brains of children with autism reacted much more strongly to the sensory stimulation than did the brains of typically developing kids
  • The two areas that seemed to be the most hyperactive were the primary sensory cortex, which is responsible for initially processing sensory information, and the amygdala, which is involved in emotional regulation.
  • They are kind of initially interpreting these stimuli differently and, also, they're not able to regulate their response
  • Shula Green, a Ph.D. candidate
  • typical kids,
  • have an initial response almost immediately, then by the second time around, that response goes way down
  • In kids with autism, that response really stays high throughout the scan. They're not getting used to it
  • the hyperactivity the researchers saw on the brain scans became most intense when kids with autism experienced the two sensations at the same time
  • something is really going on when there's more than one stimulus the brain has to deal with
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This Sound Camera Could Help You Fix Your Car | Popular Science - 0 views

  • Developed by researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, the camera creates a heatmap-like view of machinery (or anything else
  • 30 digital microphones and a high-res camera pick up on what's making noise, and an image shows the different levels of noise, organized by a color gradient
  • Blue means a little noise, while red is the most extreme level.
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  • not the first sound camera, but at about 4 pounds, it's one of the most portable
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Do Dolphins Speak Whale in Their Sleep? - ScienceNOW - 2 views

  • Researchers discovered the dolphins' midnight melodies by accident
  • Every day, as music and sounds of the sea play in the background, they show off their swimming, jumping, and ball-catching skills for an adoring audience and squawk and whistle just like dolphins should
  • But at night, they make strange noises that researchers believe are imitations of humpback whale songs included in the performance soundtrack
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  • Ethologist
  • and her colleagues had hung underwater microphones in the tank because little is known about what dolphins sound like at night
  • One night, they suddenly heard 25 new sounds (see below) that the dolphins had never made before
  • dolphins are known for mimicry
  • researchers examined their complex daytime environment to determine
  • zeroed in on the new soundtrack that Planète Sauvage was playing during performances
  • included music, sea gulls' calls, the dolphins' own whistles, and humpback whale calls
  • researchers used a computer program to compare auditory recordings of the whale
  • showed that the two sounds were very similar
  • the dolphins had been captive their entire lives, they couldn't have picked them up from real whales
  • the team asked 20 human volunteers to listen to humpback whale sounds and wild dolphin sounds
  • researchers played the nighttime vocalizations and asked the volunteers whether the sounds came from a whale or a dolphin
  • About 76% of the time, the volunteers classified the imitations as sounds from real whales
  • Because the dolphins didn't make these noises during the show, the finding suggests that they waited to practice the sounds hours later.
  • the shows prime the animals to learn and remember information
  • find out whether the dolphins are asleep and dreaming when they mimic
  • dreams help dolphins etch new information into their memories, just like in humans
  • capture electroencephalogram recordings of the dolphins' brains at night
  • a biologist at the University of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom who studies animal vocalization, says that the idea that dolphins might delay their rehearsals for hours is intriguin
  • isn't convinced from the small number of recordings that the researchers obtained that the dolphins were imitating whales
  • dolphins make so many different sounds that it's difficult to pin down one as an imitation of a particular source
  • songbirds rehearse their imitations of other noises at night, so he thinks it's not unlikely that dolphins might do the same.
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Sensory hair cells regenerated, hearing restored in mammal ear - 0 views

  • Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common form and is caused by the loss of sensory hair cells in the cochlea.
  • Hair cell loss results from a variety of factors including noise exposure, aging, toxins, infections, and certain antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs
  • there are no known treatments to restore hearing
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  • Medical School researchers demonstrate for the first time that hair cells can be regenerated in an adult mammalian ear by using a drug to stimulate resident cells to become new hair cells
  • resulting in partial recovery of hearing in mouse ears damaged by noise trauma
  • This finding holds great potential for future therapeutic application that may someday reverse deafness in humans.
  • This is the first demonstration of hair cell regeneration in an adult mammal
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Regaining proper hearing at last - 0 views

  • In the case of patients with severe hearing impairments, however, conventional behind-the-ear hearing aids reach the limits of their usefulness
  • These patients' hearing can only be helped by an implant, which amplifies sounds more effectively than conventional systems and boasts better sound quality
  • these middle ear implants require complex operations that last several hours. The high risk and expense of the surgery mean that it is rarely performed
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  • The new solution is composed of three parts: a case with a microphone and battery; wireless, optical signal and energy transmission between the outer and middle ear; and an electro-acoustic transducer – the centerpiece and loudspeaker of the implant.
  • Researchers
  • are developing the electro-acoustic transducer, which will be round in shape and measure approximately 1.2 millimeters
  • To implant our system, all surgeons have to do is make a small incision at the side of the eardrum and then fold it forward. This can be done in outpatient surgery."
  • takes the form of a piezoelectric micro-actuator, is then placed directly at the connection between the middle and inner ear known as the "round window"
  • there it transmits acoustic signals to the inner ear in the form of amplified mechanical vibrations, thereby enhancing the hearing capacity of patients
  • it can output volumes of up to 120 decibels, which is roughly the noise a jackhammer makes.
  • This high performance is necessary for very good speech comprehension, particularly for high-pitched sounds, which people who are severely hard of hearing find especially difficult to pick up
  • currently testing a first working prototype in the laboratory. Results have been positive to date
  • The individual components of the hearing aid have all been developed. The next step is to optimize and assemble them
  • The implant must measure up to high requirements: the material must be encased so the body tolerates it and it has to remain stable over long periods
  • hearing aid implants should last at least ten years
  • optimized individual components should be ready by June of this year; testing of the overall system is planned for 2014
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Tau Ceti: Sun-like star only twelve light years away may have a habitable planet - 0 views

  • An international team of astronomers has discovered that Tau Ceti, one of the closest and most Sun-like stars, may host five planets, including one in the star's habitable zone
  • twelve light years from Earth and visible to the naked eye in the evening sky, Tau Ceti is the closest single star that has the same spectral classification as our Sun
  • five planets are estimated to have masses between two and six times the mass of the Earth,
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  • the lowest-mass planetary system yet detected.
  • One of the planets lies in the star's habitable zone
  • and has a mass around five times that of Earth
  • making
  • the smallest planet found to be orbiting in the habitable zone of any Sun-like star
  • The international team of astronomers
  • combined more than six-thousand observations from three different instruments and intensively modeled the data
  • Using new techniques, the team has found a method to detect signals half the size previously thought possible
  • We are now beginning to understand that nature seems to overwhelmingly prefer systems that have multiple planets with orbits of less than 100 days
  • researchers chose Tau Ceti for this noise-modeling study because they had thought it contained no signals
  • As it is so bright and similar to our Sun, it is an ideal benchmark system to test out our methods for the detection of small planets
  • Tau Ceti is one of our nearest cosmic neighbors and so bright that we may be able to study the atmospheres of these planets
  • researchers discovered this planetary system using data from three state-of-the-art spectrographs
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Dark matter detector reports hints of WIMPs | Atom & Cosmos | Science News - 0 views

  • Ultracold crystals designed to catch particles of dark matter deep underground have come up with three potential detections
  • The researchers do not have enough evidence to say they have discovered dark matter particles
  • Theoretical physicists have put forth some ideas for particles that might constitute dark matter, including one called a weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP.
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  • The experiment that made the newly reported detections is designed to pick up the signal of a WIMP as Earth passes through the galaxy
  • The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search consists of a network of silicon and germanium crystals cooled to near absolute zero
  • in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in Minnesota, a former iron mine more than 700 meters beneath the surface
  • If WIMPs exist, one should very occasionally slam into the nucleus of a silicon or germanium atom, causing a release of energy and a detectable vibration in the crystal
  • The hundreds of meters of earth above the experiment prevent other particles, such as protons and neutrons, from reaching the crystals and triggering a false positive
  • between July 2007 and September 2008, two of the experiment’s 11 silicon crystal detectors picked up three signals consistent with those expected from WIMP interactions
  • If the signals were caused by WIMPs
  • estimates the dark matter particle would weigh in at about 10 times the mass of the proton, well below many theoretical estimates
  • While the crystals’ underground setup provides plenty of shielding, some non-WIMP particles, such as electrons on the crystals’ surface, can cloud the results
  • it’s extremely unlikely that three events would show up from non-WIMP sources.
  • the energy released by the potential WIMPs is at the very lower limit of the detectors’ sensitivity
  • making erroneous WIMP detections more likely
  • concerns that the two crystals that picked up the signal could be more susceptible to false positives than the rest
  • In 2009, CDMS published a paper reporting that its germanium detectors had snagged two potential WIMPs, but further analysis revealed them to be surface electrons
  • more convinced if the detectors had picked up 10 or 12 signs of WIMPs, rather than just three
  • definitive detection would require multiple experiments worldwide to converge on the same characteristics for a dark matter particl
  • One in Italy called DAMA, short for Dark Matter, has made bold claims of dark matter detection that have drawn skepticism from many scientists
  • Other experiments have claimed to find signals at masses similar to this latest CDMS calculation but have not definitively said they have observed WIMPs
  • each experiment uses a different detection technique and has its own protocol for distinguishing WIMPs from background noise, making it hard to compare results
  • As for CDMS, the silicon detectors that found these signals are no longer collecting data
  • Researchers recently upgraded the Soudan facility with supersensitive germanium detectors
  • Over the next few years, the germanium detectors will move to a new, deeper underground home in Sudbury, Ontario, about 2 kilometers below the surface
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Planet-Hunting Kepler Mission Extended Through 2016 | Alien Planets | Space.com - 0 views

  • Kepler mission, which has discovered more than 2,300 potential alien planets to date,
  • slated to run out this November
  • launched in March 2009 on
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  • finding 61 confirmed alien planets to date
  • members have estimated that the vast majority of these candidates — 80 percent or more — will likely end up being the real deal.
  • artist's conception illustrates Kepler-22b, a planet known to comfortably circle in the habitable zone of a sun-like star. CREDIT: NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech
  • Seeing more transits will also increase the signal-to-noise ratio for closer-in planets, allowing more of them to be detected, researchers have said
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Rats induced into hibernation-like state | Life | Science News - 0 views

  • Rats spent hours in a state of chilly suspended animation after researchers injected a compound into the animals in a cold room
  • animals’ heart rates slowed, brain activity became sluggish and body temperature plummeted.
  • Lowering the body temperature of a nonhibernating mammal is really hard
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  • As temperatures inside the body fall, several failsafe systems spring into action
  • Blood vessels near the skin squeeze tight to hold warmth in, the body starts to shiver and brown fat, a tissue that’s especially plentiful in newborns, starts to produce heat
  • colleagues bypassed the rats’ defenses against the cold with a compound that’s similar to adenosine, a molecule in the body that signals sleepiness
  • After about an hour in a room chilled to 15° Celsius, the rats grew lethargic
  • brain waves slowed, their blood pressure dropped and their heart grew sluggish, occasionally skipping beats
  • The rats’ core temperature dropped from about 38°  to about 30° C, or 80° Fahrenheit
  • measured even lower temperatures in further experiments — rats’ core body temperature reached 15° C or about 57° F.
  • The rats weren’t in a coma, nor were they asleep or truly hibernating
  • Hibernating animals’ metabolisms plummet and their temperatures sink much lower
  • an Arctic ground squirrel, for instance, cools to about —3° C when it hibernates
  • It’s a new state
  • don’t really know what it is
  • In the experiment, loud noises and tail pinches failed to arouse the rats.
  • They didn’t eat or drink. Occasionally, one would slither into a corner, but for the most part, the animals stayed still for up to 6 hours
  • In unpublished experiments, Tupone has kept the animals in the unresponsive state for 24 hours, he says.
  • Warming the room coaxed the rats out of their torpor
  • The recovery process takes about 12 hours, during which the animals ate and drank voraciously
  • After recovering, the animals were alert, moved around their cages normally and slept when tired
  • When people have heart attacks or strokes, clinicians can use ice packs or frigid water to chill people and prevent further tissue damage
  • those methods of cooling take time and can have dangerous side effects
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Teams Working Cooling System Issue; Station Crew Carries on With Research | NASA - 0 views

  • Dec. 12, 2013
  • suspect a flow control valve actually inside the pump module itself might not be functioning correctly
  • hat flow control valve regulates the temperature of the ammonia in the loop so that when the ammonia is re-introduced into the heat exchanger on the Harmony node it does not freeze the water also flowing through the exchange
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  • Mission managers have deferred the decision on whether to proceed with or postpone the launch of the Orbital Sciences’ Cygnus commercial cargo craft until more is known about the flow control valve issue
  • Cygnus is currently scheduled to launch Dec. 18 from Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia and rendezvous with the station on Dec. 21
  • Wednesday, the first of two reboosts of the station took place to raise the station’s orbit and set up
  • for Russian vehicle launches and dockings in 2014
  • also places the station in position for the arrival of Orbital Sciences’ Cygnus commercial cargo vehicle this month
  • e 7-minute, 41-second firing
  • Expedition 38 crew members also tackled a variety of other tasks Thursday, including maintenance work and scientific research
  • work on the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, or ARED, which allows the crew to perform a wide range of weightlifting exercises in the weightless environment of the station
  • installed a jumper in the Quest airlock to provide contingency power to the airlock’s secondary shell heaters
  • prepared the U.S. spacesuits for some upcoming scheduled maintenance
  • deployed eight bubble detectors for the RaDI-N experiment, which seeks to characterize the neutron radiation environment of the station
  • removed and stowed a NanoRacks platform. NanoRacks provides lower-cost microgravity research facilities for small payloads utilizing a standardized “plug-and-play” interface
  • spoke with students in Kyoto, Japan, via the amateur radio aboard the station
  • unloading cargo from the Progress 53 cargo vehicle that docked to the station on Nov. 29
  • collected micro-accelerometer data for the Identification experiment, which examines the station’s dynamic loads during events such as dockings and reboosts
  • continued the replacement of fans in the Zvezda service module with low-noise units and used a sound level meter to measure the results.
  • conducted routine maintenance on the life support systems in the Zvezda service module
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First potentially habitable Earth-sized planet confirmed: It may have liquid water - 0 views

  • The first Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of another star has been confirmed by observations with both the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Gemini Observatory
  • The initial discovery, made by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope, is one of a handful of smaller planets found by Kepler and verified using large ground-based telescopes
  • his Earth-sized planet, one of five orbiting this star, which is cooler than the Sun, resides in a temperate region where water could exist in liquid form
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  • neither Kepler (nor any telescope) is currently able to directly spot an exoplanet of this size and proximity to its host star
  • can do is eliminate essentially all other possibilities so that the validity of these planets is really the only viable option
  • With such a small host star, the team employed a technique that eliminated the possibility that either a background star or a stellar companion could be mimicking what Kepler detected
  • the team obtained extremely high spatial resolution observations from the eight-meter Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawai
  • using a technique called speckle imaging, as well as adaptive optics (AO) observations from the ten-meter Keck II telescope
  • The Gemini "speckle" data directly imaged the system to within about 400 million miles (about 4 AU, approximately equal to the orbit of Jupiter in our solar system) of the host star and confirmed that there were no other stellar size objects orbiting within this radius from the star
  • The host star, Kepler-186, is an M1-type dwarf star relatively close to our solar system, at about 500 light years and is in the constellation of Cygnus
  • The star is very dim, being over half a million times fainter than the faintest stars we can see with the naked eye
  • Five small planets have been found orbiting this star, four of which are in very short-period orbits and are very hot
  • Differential Speckle Survey Instrument (DSSI) on the Gemini North telescope
  • is a visiting instrument
  • works on a principle that utilizes multiple short exposures of an object to capture and remove the noise introduced by atmospheric turbulence producing images with extreme detail
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June 17 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on June 17th, died, and events - 0 views

  • Armstrong demonstration of FM radio to FCC
  • In 1936, Edwin H. Armstrong demonstrated his invention of FM radio in Washington D.C. to a fact-finding investigation conducted by the Federal Communications Commission into the future of radio and television. His revolutionary method modulated the frequency of a broadcast radio wave to carry the audio signal (FM), instead of the existing use of amplitude modulation (AM). Armstrong's new system utilized a higher frequency band than was used by existing commercial radio transmitters. It eliminated all static and outside interference. Several hundred representatives of the radio industry were present. Armstrong presented the differences between the old and new methods with a series of sound-film recordings of the same program under the different conditions. FM was clear of the hissing, buzzing and crackling static noises of AM
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