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as well as the sequence of a wild relative

researchers report that tomatoes possess some 35,000 genes arranged on 12 chromosomes

For any characteristic of the tomato, whether it's taste, natural pest resistance or nutritional content, we've captured virtually all those genes

Now that the genome sequence of one variety of tomato is known, it will also be easier and much less expensive for seed companies and plant breeders to sequence other varieties

he first tomato genome sequence came at a cost of millions of dollars, subsequent ones might only cost $10,000 or less, by building on these initial findings.

The sequencing of the tomato genome has implications for other plant species

Strawberries, apples, melons, bananas and many other fleshy fruits, share some characteristics with tomatoes

information about the genes and pathways involved in fruit ripening can potentially be applied to them, helping to improve food quality, food security and reduce costs

Carbon 14 tests of the clothing of the mummy suggests that the boy lived around the 16th century during the Korean Joseon Dynasty

viral DNA sequences recovered from the liver biopsy enabled the scientists to map the entire ancient hepatitis B viral genome.

researchers compared the ancient DNA sequences with contemporary viral genomes disclosing distinct differences

changes in the genetic code are believed to result from spontaneous mutations and possibly environmental pressures during the virus evolutionary process

analysis suggests that the reconstructed mummy's hepatitis B virus DNA had its origin between 3,000 to 100,000 years ago.

In recent years, universal immunization of newborns against hepatitis B in Israel and in South Korea has lead to a massive decline in the incidence of infection.

increase our limited knowledge of how life can sustain itself in these extreme environments on our own planet and beyond.

Lake Vida, the largest of several unique lakes found in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, contains no oxygen, is mostly frozen and possesses the highest nitrous oxide levels of any natural water body on Earth

approximately six times saltier than seawater

average temperature is minus 8 degrees Fahrenheit

the brine harbors a surprisingly diverse and abundant variety of bacteria that survive without a current source of energy from the sun

Previous studies of Lake Vida dating back to 1996 indicate the brine and its inhabitants have been isolated from outside influences for more than 3,000 years.

the best analog we have for possible ecosystems in the subsurface waters of Saturn's moon Enceladus and Jupiter's moon Europa

collaborators

developed stringent protocols and specialized equipment for their 2005 and 2010 field campaigns to sample from the lake brine while avoiding contaminating the pristine ecosystem

expands our knowledge of environmental limits for life and helps define new niches of habitability

To sample unique environments such as this, researchers must work under secure, sterile tents on the lake's surface

The tents kept the site and equipment clean as researchers drilled ice cores, collected samples of the salty brine residing in the lake ice and assessed the chemical qualities of the water and its potential for harboring and sustaining life

analyses suggest chemical reactions between the brine and the underlying iron-rich sediments generate nitrous oxide and molecular hydrogen

may provide the energy needed to support the brine's diverse microbial life.

Additional research is under way to analyze the abiotic, chemical interactions between the Lake Vida brine and its sediment

investigating the microbial community by using different genome sequencing approaches

Hwang was a national hero until some of his research into creating human stem cells was found in 2006 to have been faked

Snuppy, the world's first cloned dog, in 2005, has been verified by experts

Sooam said it would launch research this year if the Russian university can ship the remains. The Beijing Genomics Institute will also take part in the project

South Korean foundation said it would transfer technology to the Russian university

first and hardest mission is to restore mammoth cells

scientists in trying to find well-preserved tissue with an undamaged gene

replacing the nuclei of egg cells from an elephant with those taken from the mammoth's somatic cells,

embryos with mammoth DNA could be produced and planted into elephant wombs for delivery

Sooam will use an Indian elephant for its somatic cell nucleus transfer

South Korean experts have previously cloned animals including a cow, a cat, dogs, a pig and a wolf

South Carolina is a well-known pupping ground for several species of sharks, which means that researchers were collecting samples there for study

The scalloped hammerheads that they were collecting had two different genetic signatures in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes

the scientists found that the anomalous scalloped hammerhead had been described in 1967 and had 10 fewer vertebrae than the normal scalloped hammerhead. Intrigued

In the end, the scientists found that there was genetic evidence to show that this hammerhead was, in fact, a new species.

scientists aren't sure exactly how many individuals still exist in the wild