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Mars Base

Doctors hope for cure in a second baby born with HIV (Update) - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...-03-doctors-baby-born-hiv.html

scibyte123 HIVTreatment

shared by Mars Base on 08 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • A second American baby born with the AIDS virus may have had her infection put into remission and possibly cured by very early treatment—in this instance, four hours after birth.
  • The girl was born
  • a month after researchers announced the first case from Mississippi
  • ...27 more annotations...
  • that led doctors worldwide to rethink how fast and hard to treat infants born with HIV
  • In another AIDS-related development, scientists have modified genes in the blood cells of a dozen adults to help them resist HIV.
  • The Mississippi baby is now 3 1/2 and seems HIV-free despite no treatment for about two years
  • baby is still getting AIDS medicines, so the status of her infection is not as clear.
  • A host of sophisticated tests at multiple times suggest the LA baby has completely cleared the virus
  • The baby's signs are different from what doctors see in patients whose infections are merely suppressed by successful treatment,
  • don't know if the baby is in remission ... but it looks like
  • Doctors are cautious about suggesting she has been cured
  • Most HIV-infected moms in the U.S. get AIDS medicines during pregnancy, which greatly cuts the chances they will pass the virus to their babies
  • The LA baby was born
  • mother
  • was not taking her HIV medicines
  • Four weeks later, half of the patients were temporarily taken off AIDS medicines to see the gene therapy's effect
  • started the baby on them a few hours after birth. Tests later confirmed she had been infected, but does not appear to be now, nearly a year later
  • study in adults was prompted by an AIDS patient who appears cured after getting a cell transplant seven years ago
  • from a donor with natural immunity to the virus
  • Only about 1 percent of people have two copies of the gene that gives this protection
  • HIV usually infects blood cells through a protein on their surface called CCR5. A California company, Sangamo BioSciences Inc., makes a treatment that can knock out a gene that makes CCR5.
  • tested it in 12 HIV patients who had their blood filtered to remove some of their cells. The treated cells were infused back into the patients
  • The mom was given AIDS drugs during labor to try to prevent transmission of the virus
  • The Mississippi girl was treated until she was 18 months old, when doctors lost contact with her
  • Ten months later when she returned, they could find no sign of infection even though the mom had stopped giving her AIDS medicines.
  • a federally funded study just getting underway to see if very early treatment can cure HIV infection
  • About 60 babies in the U.S. and other countries will get very aggressive treatment that will be discontinued if tests over a long time, possibly two years, suggest no active infection.
  • The virus returned in all but one of them; that patient turned out to have one copy of the protective gene
  • knew that the virus was going to come back in most of the patients
  • the hope is that the modified cells eventually will outnumber the rest and give the patient a way to control viral levels without medicines
Mars Base

Psychologists discover babies recognize real-life objects from pictures as early as nin... - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...140429205733.htm

scibyte129

shared by Mars Base on 30 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Babies begin to learn about the connection between pictures and real objects by the time they are nine-months-old
  • The research found that babies can learn about a toy from a photograph of it well before their first birthday
  • "The study should interest any parent or caregiver who has ever read a picture book with an infant,"
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Dr Jeanne Shinskey, from the Department of Psychology at Royal Holloway.
  • these findings suggest that,
  • babies are capable of learning about the real world indirectly from picture books,
  • well before their first birthdays and their first words
  • at least those that have very realistic images like photographs."
  • Researchers familiarized 30 eight and nine-month-olds with a life-sized photo of a toy for about a minute
  • The babies were then placed before the toy in the picture and a different toy and researchers watched to see which one the babies reached for first.
  • In one condition, the researchers tested infants' simple object recognition for the target toy by keeping both objects visible
  • drawing infants' attention to the toys and then placing the toys inside clear containers
  • In another condition, they tested infants' ability to create a continued mental idea of the target toy by hiding both toys from view
  • drawing infants' attention to the toys and then placing the toys inside opaque containers
  • When the toys were visible in clear containers, babies reached for the one that had not been in the picture
  • suggesting that they recognized the pictured toy and found it less interesting than the new toy because its novelty had worn off
  • when the toys were hidden in opaque containers, babies showed the opposite preference
  • they reached more often for the one that had been in the photo, suggesting that they had formed a continued mental idea of it.
  • demonstrates that experience with a picture of something can strengthen babies' ideas of an object so they can maintain it after the object disappears
Mars Base

'Mississippi Baby' now has detectable HIV, researchers find -- ScienceDaily - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...140710151951.htm

scibyte136 AIDS

shared by Mars Base on 12 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • The child known as the 'Mississippi baby' -- an infant seemingly cured of HIV that was reported as a case study of a prolonged remission of HIV infection
  • now has detectable levels of HIV after more than two years of not taking antiretroviral therapy without evidence of virus
  • an infant seemingly cured of HIV that was reported as a case study of a prolonged remission of HIV infection
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • now has detectable levels of HIV after more than two years of not taking antiretroviral therapy without evidence of virus
  • "Scientifically, this development reminds us that we still have much more to learn about the intricacies of HIV infection and where the virus hides in the body. The NIH remains committed to moving forward with research on a cure for HIV infection."
  • NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.
  • The researchers planning the clinical trial will now need to take this new development into account
  • The child was born prematurely in a Mississippi clinic in 2010 to an HIV-infected mother who did not receive antiretroviral medication during pregnancy and was not diagnosed with HIV infection until the time of delivery
  • Because of the high risk of HIV exposure, the infant was started at 30 hours of age on liquid, triple-drug antiretroviral treatment.
  • Testing confirmed within several days that the baby had been infected with HIV. At two weeks of age, the baby was discharged from the hospital and continued on liquid antiretroviral therapy
  • The baby continued on antiretroviral treatment until 18 months of age, when the child was lost to follow up and no longer received treatment
  • when the child was again seen by medical staff five months later, blood samples revealed undetectable HIV levels (less than 20 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood (copies/mL)) and no HIV-specific antibodies
  • The child continued to do well in the absence of antiretroviral medicines and was free of detectable HIV for more than two years
  • Repeat viral load blood testing performed 72 hours later confirmed this finding
  • Additionally, the child had decreased levels of
  • a key component of a normal immune system, and the presence of HIV antibodies
  • Based on these results, the child was again started on antiretroviral therapy
  • To date, the child is tolerating the medication with no side effects and treatment is decreasing virus levels
  • Genetic sequencing of the virus indicated that the child's HIV infection was the same strain acquired from the mother
  • In light of the new findings, researchers must now work to better understand what enabled the child to remain off treatment for more than two years without detectable virus or measurable immunologic response
  • what might be done to extend the period of sustained HIV remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy
  • "Typically, when treatment is stopped, HIV levels rebound within weeks, not years."
  • "The prolonged lack of viral rebound, in the absence of HIV-specific immune responses, suggests that the very early therapy not only kept this child clinically well, but also restricted the number of cells harboring HIV infection," said Katherine Luzuriaga, M.D., professor of molecular medicine, pediatrics and medicine at the University of Massachusetts
  • The case
  • indicates that early antiretroviral treatment in this HIV-infected infant did not completely eliminate the reservoir of HIV-infected cells that was established upon infection
  • may have considerably limited its development and averted the need for antiretroviral medication over a considerable period
  • during a routine clinical care visit earlier this month, the child, now nearly 4 years of age, was found to have detectable HIV levels in the blood
Mars Base

Babies Lip-read Before Talking - Science News - 0 views

www.sciencenews.org/...Babies_lip-read_before_talking

scibyte30 babies

shared by Mars Base on 20 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • infants start babbling at around age 6 months in preparation for talking
  • shift from focusing on adults’ eyes to paying special attention to speakers’ mouths
  • tots become able to blurt out words and simple statements at age 1, they go back to concentrating on adults’ eyes
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • babbling babies match up what adults say with how they say
  • budding talkers can afford to look for communication signals in a speakers’ eyes
  • tested 179 infants from English-speaking families at age 4, 6, 8 or 12 months
  • devices tracked where babies looked when shown videos of women speaking English or a foreign language
  • also report that on average, infants’ pupils increasingly dilated between ages 8 months and 1 year in response to Spanish speakers, a sign of surprise at encountering unfamiliar speech
  • By 2 years of age, children with autism avoid eye contact and focus on speakers’ mouths
  • new findings raise the possibility of identifying kids headed for this developmental disorder even earlier
  • hasn’t yet been demonstrated that children who continue to look at the mouths of native-language speakers after age 1 develop autism or other communication problems more frequently than those who shift to looking at speakers’ eyes
Mars Base

Baby Mammoths & Feathered Dinosaurs | SciByte | Jupiter Broadcasting - 0 views

www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/...feathered-dinosaurs-scibyte-41

scibyte42 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 12 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Baby Mammoths & Feathered Dinosaurs | SciByte 41
  • April 10, 2012
  • More Fine Feathered Dinosaurs
Mars Base

NASA's Nodosaur Track | Dinosaur Tracking - 0 views

blogs.smithsonianmag.com/...nasas-nodosaur-track

scibyte60 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 24 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Last fall, fossil tracker Ray Stanford and paleontologists David Weishampel and Valerie Deleon announced something wonderful–a rare impression of a baby ankylosaur
  • the fossil is even more spectacular given the rarity of dinosaur bones found in the area
  • Paleontologists have discovered teeth and bone fragments over the years–including bones from “Capitalsaurus” in Washington, D.C.–but even partially complete skeletons remain elusive
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Dinosaur tracks are far more common
  • Stanford may have discovered a footprint of an adult ankylosaur in an unexpected place.
  • the print sits on the property of a NASA‘s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland
  • Stanford stumbled across the lone track earlier this summer and recently led NASA scientists out to the site to show them the fossil depression
  • the track has started to erode, and may have been damaged by a lawnmower, the roughly 112-million-year-old track still shows four toe imprints
  • member of the heavily-armored ankylosaur subgroup that lacked tail clubs but often sported prominent spikes along their sides
  • Officials
  • are already moving to protect the fossil, and they plan to bring in paleontologists to look for other dinosaur tracks
  • it seems that there is more than just a lone track at the spaceflight facility. When Stanford took the NASA scientists out to the site, he and other researchers found several more possible dinosaur tracks. The high-tech NASA facility may have been founded on a Cretaceous dinosaur stomping ground.
Mars Base

Nest Full Of Baby Dinosaurs Discovered | Fox News - 0 views

www.foxnews.com/...full-baby-dinosaurs-discovered

scibyte22

shared by Mars Base on 18 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • A 70-million-year-old nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi has been found with evidence that 15 juveniles were once inside it
  • finding multiple juveniles in the same dino nest is quite rare
  • analyzed the dinosaur remains along with the nest, which measured about 2.3 feet in diameter and was round and bowl-shaped
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • found at Djadochta Formation, Tugrikinshire, Mongolia,
  • researchers conclude that the 15 dinosaurs all show juvenile characteristics
  • At least 10 of the 15 fossil sets are complete
  • nest further implies that parental care was provided.
  • Mongolia was, at the time, a place with a variety of theropod dinosaurs, some of whom likely ate babies such as these
  • The most obvious of these, found in the same deposits, is the (in)famous Velociraptor
Mars Base

Dextrose rub helps newborns with low blood sugar | Body & Brain | Science News - 0 views

www.sciencenews.org/..._newborns_with_low_blood_sugar

scibyte104

shared by Mars Base on 25 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Newborns with low blood sugar face the prospect of a trip to the intensive care unit and intravenous infusions of glucose
  • rubbing a sweet gel onto the insides of babies’ cheeks
  • Low blood sugar in newborns, or neonatal hypoglycemia, occurs when the tiny body needs more glucose to meet energy needs than is available in the bloodstream
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Prolonged hypoglycemia risks neurological injury.
  • Low blood glucose shows up in 5 to 15 percent of otherwise healthy newborns as measured by blood tests
  • Doctors typically don’t run the analysis on every newborn
  • If they spot low blood sugar symptoms such as poor color, seizures, irritability, lethargy, jittery behavior and a lack of interest in feeding, doctors are more likely to call for the blood test
  • many infants with low blood glucose don’t have such symptoms
  • report designates at-risk infants as those who are born preterm, have diabetic mothers, or are either large or small for their gestational age
  • new study, the researchers identified 237 apparently healthy newborns who had one of those risk factors or who were feeding poorly
  • Half of the babies were randomly assigned to get a gel made of dextrose, a form of glucose, rubbed on the inner cheeks up to six times over 48 hours; the rest received a placebo gel
  • During the following week, 30 babies getting the placebo gel were placed in intensive care for hypoglycemia while only 16 of those getting the dextrose gel needed such care for the condition
  • Dextrose had been tried in the 1990s as an oral rub for infants but wasn’t fully tested or put into widespread use
Mars Base

High-School Student Finds Bumpy-Headed Baby Dino | LiveScience - 0 views

www.livescience.com/2-baby-dinosaur-discovery.html

scibyte107 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 27 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • A dinosaur skeleton discovered by
  • d high-school student turns out to be the smallest, youngest and most complete duck-billed dinosaur of its kind ever found.
  • This Cretaceous-era herbivore, Parasaurolophus, walked the Earth some 75 million years ago.
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • dinosaurs in this genus are best known for their impressive tube-shaped head crests, which may have been used for display or perhaps to amplify the animals' calls
  • specimen
  • was so young that its crest was a mere bump on its head.
  • Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology in Claremont, Calif
  • is affiliated with The Webb Schools, a private high-school campus outside of Los Angeles
  • The students at the schools participate in paleontology fieldwork as part of their coursework
  • in 2009
  • a group of students were prospecting for fossils in Utah's Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, surveying ground
  • already covered
  • spotted a little sliver of bone sticking out from under a boulder and alerted
  • thought it looked like a piece of dinosaur rib — nice, but not really worth the trouble of excavating.
  • the other side of the boulder
  • what looked like a large cobblestone
  • . A dinosaur skull
  • The team had to line up permits to excavate on the public land
  • returned in 2010 to dig the bones from the ground
  • 800-pound (363 kilograms) armor of rock, the bones had to be airlifted out of the rugged backcountry by helicopter
  • After 1,300 painstaking hours of cleaning, chiseling and picking, technicians revealed the fossil buried in all that stone
  • paleontologists realized they had an amazing example of a baby Parasaurolophus
  • they were able to sample the baby's leg bone. As dinosaur bones grow, they develop ring patterns, much like trees
  • didn't have any rings at all
  • that this animal was under a year old when it died
  • The infant dinosaur was already 6 feet (1.8 meters) long
  • duck-billed dinos hatched at about the same size as a human infant
  • "Joe" was already sprouting a crest bump so young suggests that Parasaurolophus started growing its crest earlier than other duck-billed dinosaurs.
  • "Joe" will go on display at the Alf museum beginning
  • Oct. 22
  • A digital exploration of the skeleton will also be available at dinosaurjoe.com.
  • the student who found the little duck-bill,
  • now in college, studying geology
  • understand how Parasaurolophus evolved that big crest, just by shifting around events in its development
Mars Base

Opportunity Discovers Clays Favorable to Martian Biology and Sets Sail for Motherlode o... - 0 views

www.universetoday.com/...il-for-motherlode-of-new-clues

scibyte95 opportunity

shared by Mars Base on 26 May 13 - No Cached
  • Opportunity,
  • has just discovered the strongest evidence to date for an environment favorable to ancient Martian biology
  • Opportunity’s analysis of a new rock target named “Esperance” confirmed that it is composed of a “clay that had been intensely altered by relatively neutral pH water – representing the most favorable conditions for biology that Opportunity has yet seen in the rock histories it has encountered
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Water that moved through fractures during this rock’s history would have provided more favorable conditions for biology than any other wet environment recorded in rocks Opportunity has seen
  • Opportunity accomplished the ground breaking new discovery by exposing the interior of Esperance with her still functioning Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) and examining a pristine patch using the microscopic camera and X-Ray spectrometer on the end of her 3 foot long robotic arm.
  • “Esperance was so important, we committed several weeks to getting this one measurement of it
  • Esperance stems from a time when the Red Planet was far warmer and wetter billions of years ago.
  • made the discovery at the conclusion of a 20 month long science expedition circling around a low ridge called “Cape York”
  • What’s so special about Esperance is that there was enough water not only for reactions that produced clay minerals, but also enough to flush out ions set loose by those reactions
  • Opportunity can clearly see the alteration
  • Esperance is unlike any rock previously investigated by Opportunity; containing far more aluminum and silica which is indicative of clay minerals and lower levels of calcium and iron.
  • Most, but not all of the rocks inspected to date by Opportunity were formed in an environment of highly acidic water
Mars Base

Planets & Brains | Jupiter Broadcasting - 0 views

www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/...planets-brains-scibyte-18

scibyte42 exoplanet

shared by Mars Base on 12 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • October 25, 2011
  • Baby pictures of a Planet
Mars Base

Well-preserved strawberry-blond mammoth discovered in Siberia | Fox News - 0 views

www.foxnews.com/...-mammoth-discovered-in-siberia

scibyte41 WollyMammoth

shared by Mars Base on 04 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • juvenile mammoth, nicknamed "Yuka,"
  • found entombed in Siberian ice near the shores of the Arctic Ocean and shows signs of being cut open by ancient people.
  • remarkably well preserved frozen carcass
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • part of a BBC/Discovery Channel-funded expedition and is believed to be at least 10,000 years old, if not older
  • If further study confirms the preliminary findings, it would be the first mammoth carcass revealing signs of human interaction in the region.
  • in such good shape that much of its flesh is still intact, retaining its pink color. The blonde-red hue of Yuka's woolly coat also remains.
  • first relatively complete mammoth carcass -- that is, a body with soft tissues preserved -- to show evidence of human association
  • carbon dating is still in the works, the researchers believe Yuka died at least 10,000 years ago, but may be much older
  • The animal was about 2 ½ years old when it died.
  • appears that Yuka was pursued by one or more lions or another large field, judging from deep, unhealed scratches in the hide and bite marks on the tail
  • Yuka then apparently fell, breaking one of the lower hind legs
  • humans may have moved in to control the carcass, butchering much of the animal and removing parts that they would use immediately.
  • may, in fact, have reburied the rest of the carcass to keep it in reserve for possible later use
  • removed parts include most of the main core mass of Yuka's body, including organs, vertebrae, ribs, associated musculature, and some of the meat from upper parts of the legs
  • Kevin Campbell of the University of Manitoba also studied Yuka
  • Campbell famously published the genetic code of mammoth hemoglobin a few years ago
  • Most permafrost-preserved mammoth specimens consist solely of bones or bone fragments that currently provide little new insight into the species' biology in life
  • This extremely rare finding of a near complete specimen, like the discovery of the baby mammoth Lyuba in 2007, will be a boon to researchers as it will help them link observed phenotypes (morphological features that we can see) with genotype (DNA sequences)."
  • Such information could help reveal whether or not mammoths had all of the same hair colors that humans do
  • An intriguing and controversial application would be to bring a mammoth back to life via cloning.
  • producer and director of a forthcoming BBC/Discovery Channel show called "Woolly Mammoth"
  • told Discovery News that cloning a mammoth could take years or even decades.
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