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The submerged permafrost is on the threshold of melting, and air temperatures in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf have increased by as much as five degrees Celsius over the last decade

In most summers, temperatures rise enough to permit melting in that region on only 10–15 days on average. But in 2008, the melt period totalled 35 days.

Estimates based on satellite measurements of the entire ice cap suggest that the island is now losing hundreds of billions of tons of ice each year.

“Most critical for human survival are water and food, which are sensitive to changing climatic conditions,”

“The associated socio-economic and political stress can undermine the functioning of communities, the effectiveness of institutions, and the stability of societal structures. These degraded conditions could contribute to civil strife, and, worse, armed conflict.”

“Large areas of Africa are suffering from scarcity of food and fresh water resources, making them more vulnerable to conflict.

“Although climate change bears a significant conflict potential, it can also transform the international system toward more cooperation if it is seen as a common threat that requires joint action,”

the seeming conflict between environment and the economy will be best overcome with the recognition that protecting the climate in the best interest of the economy.”

“History has shown how dependent our culture is on a narrow window of climatic conditions for average temperature and precipitation,”