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Responsabilidade Penal e Análise Econômica Horas-aula: 30 Professor(es): Giácomo Balbinotto Neto, Tupinambá Pinto de Azevedo Súmula A teoria econômica do comportamento humano Introdução a Teoria Econômica do Crime A contribuição de Gary Becker A Contribuição de Gordon Tullock As bases teóricas da econômica do crime O modelo básico de análise - Gary Becker O modelo de alocação do tempo O modelo de migração O modelo de portfólio O modelo de agente principal O modelo de interação social A teoria do crime organizado A teoria econômica da corrupção A organização industrial da corrupção O sistema de justiça criminal e a economia das prisões Aplicações: controle de armas, roubos a bancos; evasão fiscal, pena de morte. Evidências empíricas para o caso brasileiro. Objetivos da Disciplina Introdução de conceitos econômicos fundamentais, autores, abordagem referentes à teoria econômica do crime, bem como aplicações a temas correlacionados e aplicações ao caso brasileiro. Metodologia de Ensino Aulas expositivas com lâminas de power point e debates em aula sobre temas e textos específicos. Critérios de Avaliação A avaliação será baseada no desempenho de uma prova escritas, com conteúdo bem como num conjunto de exercícios que serão propostos ao longo do curso. As datas das provas serão marcadas em datas oportunas. A nota final será obtida da seguinte forma: provas escritas (0,80) + exercícios propostos (0,20). Aulas Teoria Econômica do Crime Artigos para leitura ARAÚJO, A.F.; FAJNZYLBER, P. Crime e Economia: um estudo das microrregiões mineiras. In: IX Seminário sobre a Economia Mineira, UFMG, 2000. ARAÚJO, A.F.V.; RAMOS, F.S. Estimação da Perda de Bem-estar causada pela Criminalidade: o caso da cidade de João Pessoa-PB. In: XII Encontro Regional de Economia, 19 e 20 de julho de 2007, Fortaleza-CE. BERGER, Luiz Marcelo. Um modelo baseado em agentes para estudo das propriedades emergentes decorrent

The central goal of this book is to provide a state of the art overview of the literature with respect to the economic analysis of tort law. It sure meets the challenge, offering with great expertise a comprehensive presentation of tort law in both economic and comparative perspectives. The clarity of the text, unusual in the law and economics literature, makes the book accessible to a broad readership of economists with a limited legal background and lawyers with limited economic skills.' Olivier Moreteau, Louisiana State University, US 'Tort Law and Economics, ed. Michael Faure, provides a highly useful economic overview of the most important topics of tort law. The authors clearly show the main developments of the discussion, examining the results of recent studies and stating their own opinions. Detailed bibliographies are included. The volume has to be warmly recommended to friends and foes of economic analysis who are provided with a comprehensive update in this field while also indicating areas which critics have to focus on.' Helmut Koziol, European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law, Austria This volume provides a state-of-the-art overview of the literature on the economic analysis of tort law. In sixteen chapters, the specialist authors guide the reader through the often vast literature in each domain providing a balanced and comprehensive summary. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the field, further refinements to economic models and relevant conclusions and lessons for the policymaker. Tort Law and Economics is part of the Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, and enables readers, some not familiar with law and economics, to obtain an insight in the relevant economic literature concerning tort law and economics. This book will be of interest to lawyers and economists, practitioners and academics interested in accident law, tort law, insurance and regulation. It will also appeal to students in economic analysis of law and policymakers working on

Responsabilidade Civil e Análise Econômica Horas-aula: 30 Professor(es): Eugênio Battesini, Marco Fridolin Sommer Santos Súmula Fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica da responsabilidade civil: Antecedentes históricos. Objetivos do sistema de responsabilidade civil. Metodologia, análise positiva e normativa. Causação unilateral, níveis de precaução e negligência. Causação bilateral e culpa concorrente, cooperação entre as partes e aplicação da teoria dos jogos. Formatação das regras de responsabilidade civil. Assimetria de informações e relação agente-principal, reflexos na responsabilização civil. Risco da atividade e sistemas de seguro. Reparação e quantificação dos danos. Análise econômica dos regimes especiais de responsabilidade civil: Acidente do Trabalho. Danos ambientais. Responsabilidade profissional. Relações de consumo. Acidentes de trânsito, Transporte, etc... Objetivos da Disciplina A disciplina tem por objetivo qualificar o corpo discente, transmitindo-lhes conhecimentos que lhes permitam interpretar os sistemas de compensação de danos, com ênfase para o sistema de responsabilidade civil, através do instrumental da análise econômica do direito. Metodologia de Ensino Aulas expositivas e debates. Critérios de Avaliação Trabalho de conclusão da disciplina. Bibliografia ALPA, Guido, CHIASSONI, Pierluigi, PERICU, Andréa, PULITINI, Francesco, RODOTÀ, Stefano, ROMANI, Francesco, Analisi Economica del Diritto Privato. Milano: Giuffrè, 1998. BOUCKAERT, Boudewijn; De GEEST, Gerit (org.). Encyclopedia of law and economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000. 1094 p. CANE, Peter. Atiyah's accidents, compensation and the law. London: Buttenworths, 1999. COLOMA, German. Analisis economico del derecho. Buenos Aires: Ciudad Argentina, 2001. COOTER, Robert; ULEN Thomas. Derecho e economia. México, FCE, 1999. HATZIS, Aritides (org.) Economic analysis of law: a european perspective. Cheltenham: Edward El

The Perfect Spill: Solutions for Averting the Next Deepwater Horizon By Robert Costanza, David Batker, John Day, Rusty Feagin, M. Luisa Martinez, Joe Roman National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) f we refuse to take into account the full cost of our fossil fuel addiction-if we don't factor in the environmental costs and national security costs and true economic costs-we will have missed our best chance to seize a clean energy future." -President Barack Obama, Carnegie Mellon University, June 2, 2010 he continuing oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon is causing enormous economic and ecological damage. Estimates of the size and duration continue to escalate, but it is now the largest in U.S. history and clearly among the largest oil spills on record.1 s efforts to plug the leak and clean up the damages continue, it is not too soon to begin to draw lessons from this disaster. We need to learn from this experience so we can prevent future oil spills, reevaluate society's current trajectory, and set a better course. ne major lesson is that our natural capital assets and other public goods are far too valuable to continue to put them at such high risk from private interests. We need better (not necessarily more) regulation and strong incentives to protect these assets against actions that put them at risk. While the Obama administration's demand for a trust fund to compensate injured parties is appropriate, it arrived only after the fact. Common asset trusts and new financial instruments like assurance bonds would be better able to shift risk incentives and prevent disasters like the Deepwater Horizon. The Costs: Damages to Natural Capital Assets he spill has directly and indirectly affected at least 20 categories of valuable ecosystem services in and around the Gulf of Mexico. The $2.5 billion per year Louisiana commercial fishery has been almost completely shut down. As the oil extends to popular Gulf Coast beaches, the loss of tourism

Natural Disaster Analysis After Hurricane Katrina: Risk Assessment, Economic Impacts and Social Implications Harry W. Richardson, Peter Gordon, James E. Moore, II 0 Resenhas Edward Elgar Pub, 2009 - 320 páginas Hurricane Katrina was a pivotal event in the history of disaster mismanagement. Its impact will be felt well into the future and its lessons will be applied around the world. This influential volume explores key policy implications arising from the storm and its aftermath. Leading scholars from fields as diverse as decision analysis, risk management, economics engineering, transportation, urban planning and sociology investigate the policy issues associated with insurance, flood control and the rebuilding of levees, housing, tourism, utility lifelines recovery and resilience, evacuation, relocation and racial implications. By assessing the disruption of life in New Orleans, as well as the inter-regional economic impacts of the disaster, the authors suggest steps that can be taken to minimize future risks, not only in New Orleans but also in all locations threatened by natural disasters. It then goes beyond Katrina to explore experiences and responses to similar events in other parts of the world. Another important feature is a discussion of the overlap between terrorist-initiated disasters and natural disasters. The issues raised by Katrina are very complex and teasing out successful policy implications is far from easy. This book is a major advance towards that goal. Academics interested in the economics, policy, and planning aspects of natural and man-made disasters, specialists in emergency management and policymakers will find the insights and prescriptions offered here invaluable.

Understanding the economic and financial impacts of natural disasters Charlotte Benson, Edward J. Clay 0 Resenhas World Bank Publications, 2004 - 119 páginas This study examines the short and long term economic and financial effects of natural disasters and the problems they pose for long-term development. It draws on evidence from studies of Bangladesh, Dominica, Malawi and southern Africa to explore macroeconomic and development issues, including the factors that contribute to underlying sensitivities, and opportunities for improving the economic management of risk and disasters.

Socializing Risk: The New Energy Economics May 27, 2010frankackermanLeave a commentGo to comments from Frank Ackerman Despite talk of a moratorium, the Interior Department's Minerals and Management Service is still granting waivers from environmental review for oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, including wells in very deep water. Until last month, most of us never thought about the risk that one of those huge offshore rigs would explode in flames and then sink, causing oil to gush out uncontrollably and befoul the oceans. The odds seemed low, and still do: Aren't there lots of drilling rigs in use, year after year? Twenty years ago, your elected representatives thought that you'd be happy to have them adopt a very low cap on industry's liability for oil spill damages.  Nuclear power was never quite free of fears; it was too clearly a spin-off of nuclear weapons to ignore the risk of a very big bang. Yet as its advocates point out, we have had hundreds of reactor-years of experience, with only a few accidents. (And someday when Nevada's politicians aren't looking, maybe we can slip all of our nuclear waste into a cave in the desert.) Again, the risks are so low that you'd be happy to learn about a law limiting industry's liability for accidents, wouldn't you?  Environmentalists have long warned that the world could run out of energy and resources, from the "limits to growth" theories of the 1970s to the more recently popular notion of "peak oil." The response from economists has been that prices for energy and raw materials are still moderate, and declined over the course of the 20th century; if we are running out of something, why doesn't its price skyrocket? The problem is that what we're running out of is low-risk conventional energy supplies. Because our economy conceals and socializes energy risks, prices remain deceptively low for an increasingly risky energy supply. The market wasn't supposed to work this way. In the

Does The Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill Mean That The U.S. Is Headed For Gas Lines, Higher Food Prices And A Broken Economy? The Economic Collapse June 23, 2010 As the Gulf of Mexico oil spill crisis enters a third month, the economic impact of this environmental nightmare is starting to become clearer.  The truth is that the "oil volcano" spewing massive amounts of oil into the Gulf has absolutely decimated the seafood, tourism and real estate industries along the Gulf coast.  Not only that, but energy industry insiders are now warning that the chilling effect that this crisis will have on offshore drilling could precipitate a new 1970s-style energy crisis.  Considering the fact that the U.S. economy was already on incredibly shaky ground even before the oil leak, the last thing we needed was a disaster of this magnitude.  But it has happened, and the reality is that the long-term effects of this crisis are potentially going to reverberate for decades.  The American people certainly have a negative view on the impact that this oil spill will have on the economy.  According to a new poll, about eight out of every 10 Americans expect the oil spill to damage the U.S. economy and drive up the cost of gas and food. But is a new 1970s-style energy crisis really a possibility? Could we actually soon be headed for blackouts and gas lines? Well, former Shell executive John Hofmeister believes that is exactly what we are headed for…. "Within a decade I predict the energy abyss looks like brownouts, blackouts and gas lines."  In fact, Hofmeister claims that some of his fellow energy industry insiders expect things to be even worse than he is projecting in the years ahead. Why? Hofmeister says that the problem is the U.S. government…. "Our federal government, when it comes to energy and the environment, is dysfunctional, it's broken, and it's unfixable in its current form." Without a doubt, the oil spill will have a chilling effect

A History of Moral Hazard David Rowell and Luke Connelly (University of Queensland)d.rowell@uq.edu.au The term 'moral hazard' was initially developed 150 years ago within the insurance-industry literature, to describe a positive relationship between insurance and a claim. It has been asserted that the concept of moral hazard spontaneously evolved with insurance. However, the earliest insurance contracts predate the first recorded use of the term moral hazard by almost 500 years. When interpreted literately, the phrase moral hazard can evoke a strong rhetorical tone, which has readily been used by a variety of stakeholders, most notably insurers, to influence public attitudes to claimers and claiming. In contrast, the discipline of economics has treated moral hazard as an idiom which 'in fact, has little to do with morality' to analyse the role that incentives play in a broad range of principal-agent relationships. This paper seeks to explore the underlying historical reasons for this impasse by reviewing four distinct and disparate literatures: theological, probabilistic, insurance and economic. The theological literature contains a rich discussion of the liceity of insurance that reveals a medieval concept of providence, which had profound implications for the conceptual development of moral hazard. The emergence of a probability literature from the field of mathematics also contributed to the theory of risk, (e.g. Bernoulli's resolution of the St Petersburg paradox) which were precursors for conceptual development of moral hazard. The eventual genesis of moral hazard in The Practice of Fire Underwriting in 1865 was followed by some ambiguity in the interpretation of this term. A careful inspection of the early insurance literature suggests that the term moral hazard was used pejoratively to also describe the related actuarial process of adverse selection, i.e., morally suspect people were observed to purchase insurance with a view to committing fraud. The insuranc

In this paper we analyze the factors that should be considered when allocating a given policy function at a particular level of government and how these factors affect the growth and evolution of multi-level governments. After discussing the interplay of economies of scale, economies of scope, and heterogeneity of preferences in determining the optimal level of legal intervention, we show that the subsidiarity principle can have mixed effects as a firewall against progressive centralization. Our economic model of subsidiarity reveals that once some functions become centralized, further centralization becomes easier and often unavoidable. Contrary to its intended function, a piecemeal application of the subsidiarity principle can trigger a path-dependent avalanche of centralization, turning subsidiarity into a self-defeating statement of principle.

The Journal of World Energy Law & Business Advance Access originally published online on March 15, 2010 The Journal of World Energy Law & Business 2010 3(2):140-165; doi:10.1093/jwelb/jwq002 This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Audios Audios All Versions of this Article: 3/2/140    most recent jwq002v2 jwq002v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Personal Archive Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Scopus Links Citing Articles via CrossRef Google Scholar Articles by Wagner, J. Articles by Armstrong, K. Social Bookmarking          What's this? © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the AIPN. All rights reserved. Managing environmental and social risks in international oil and gas projects: Perspectives on compliance Jay Wagner and Kit Armstrong* The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.    1. Introduction   Background Oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) and associated energy infrastructure projects take place across the globe in a diversity of environmental and socio-economic settings from the Arctic to the humid tropics. Energy industry activities are also inherently complex and risky. They involve a variety of environment, health and safety (EHS) and social issues that need to be carefully managed alongside geologic, political and economic risk factors. Worldwide, stakeholders are demanding ever-higher levels of environmental and social performance from the industry. In addition to EHS concerns, a wide range of social issues, such as human rights, revenue management, ethics, governance and corruption, have become increasingly significant in terms of both perception and conduct of industry activities. As a result, oil and gas companies are being exposed

Silting Problems in Hydro Power Plants: Proceedings of the First International Conference, New Delhi, India, 13-15th October 1999 C.V.J. Varma 0 Resenhas Taylor & Francis, 2000 - 356 páginas The 33 papers focus primarily but not exclusively on the Indian subcontinent, through which passes nearly a third of all the earth carried by rivers and streams to the sea. Their concern is with design, operation, and maintenance approaches to preventing or mitigating the filling of reservoirs and damaging turbines and other equipment used in hydro-electric plants. Plenary papers discuss the Indian scenario, environmental and economic aspects, and reducing silt by implementing ISO 14000 for hilly projects. The technical sessions cover reservoir sedimentation, desilting and its economic optimization, damage mechanisms and their analysis, design criteria, and material technology. There is no index.

From the oil spill to the financial crisis, why we don't plan for the worst Network News X PROFILE View More Activity TOOLBOX Resize Print E-mail Yahoo! Buzz Reprints   COMMENT 50 Comments  |  View All »  COMMENTS ARE CLOSED WHO'S BLOGGING » Links to this article By Richard A. Posner Sunday, June 6, 2010 The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is the latest of several recent disastrous events for which the country, or the world, was unprepared. Setting aside terrorist attacks, where the element of surprise is part of the plan, that still leaves the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the global economic crisis that began in 2008 (and was aggravated by Greece's recent financial collapse) and the earthquake in Haiti in January. THIS STORY If it seems unthinkable, plan for it Why is BP's CEO still on the job? In all these cases, observers recognized the existence of catastrophic risk but deemed it to be small. Many other risks like this are lying in wait, whether a lethal flu epidemic, widespread extinctions, nuclear accidents, abrupt global warming that causes a sudden and catastrophic rise in sea levels, or a collision with an asteroid. Why are we so ill prepared for these disasters? It helps to consider an almost-forgotten case in which risks were identified, planned for and averted: the Y2K threat (or "millennium bug") of 1999. As the turn of the century approached, many feared that computers throughout the world would fail when the two-digit dates in their operating systems suddenly flipped from 99 to 00. The risk of disaster probably was quite small, but the fact that it had a specific and known date made it irrational to postpone any remedies -- it was act now or not at all. Such certainty about timing is rare; indeed, a key obstacle to taking preventive measures against unlikely disasters is precisely that they are unlikely to occur in the near future. Of course, if the consequences of the disaster would be very grave, t

07-2001/1 Jean-Michel Josselin et Alain Marciano L'analyse économique du droit et le renouvellement de l'économie politique des choix publics [Texte intégral] Juergen G. Backhaus Between Utopia and Alignment : Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Law [Texte intégral] Bruno S. Frey, Alois Stutzer et Matthias Benz Trusting Constitutions [Texte intégral] Randall G. Holcombe Constitutions and Democracy [Texte intégral] Michel Glais Les marchés nouvellement ouverts à la compétition face aux règles du droit de la concurrence : Le cas du secteur des télécommunications [Texte intégral] Didier Danet Entre droit spontané et droit légiféré : la production de droit par la normalisation [Texte intégral] Christian Barrère Un jeu évolutionnaire d'innovation juridique : la construction d'un patrimoine juridique, l'A.O.C Champagne [Texte intégral] Michael G. Faure Economic Analysis of environmental Law : An Introduction [Texte intégral] Bruno Deffains Analyse économique de la responsabilité étendue en cas d'insolvabilité des pollueurs [Texte intégral]

When All Else Fails: Government as the Ultimate Risk Manager David A. Moss 5 Resenhas Harvard University Press, 2004 - 456 páginas One of the most important functions of government--risk management--is one of the least well understood. Moving beyond the most familiar public functions--spending, taxation, and regulation--When All Else Fails spotlights the government's pivotal role as a risk manager. It reveals, as never before, the nature and extent of this governmental function, which touches almost every aspect of economic life. In policies as diverse as limited liability, deposit insurance, Social Security, and federal disaster relief, American lawmakers have managed a wide array of private-sector risks, transforming both the government and countless private actors into insurers of last resort. Drawing on history and economic theory, David Moss investigates these risk-management policies, focusing in particular on the original logic of their enactment. The nation's lawmakers, he finds, have long believed that pervasive imperfections in private markets for risk necessitate a substantial government role. It remains puzzling, though, why such a large number of the resulting policies have proven so popular in a country famous for its anti-statism. Moss suggests that the answer may lie in the nature of the policies themselves, since publicly mandated risk shifting often requires little in the way of invasive bureaucracy. Well suited to a society suspicious of government activism, public risk management has emerged as a critical form of government intervention in the United States.

India is the first country to introduce environmental legislation in the constitution but because of lengthy legal procedures, it is very difficult to control environmental deterioration. There are many factors responsible for this deterioration. Coal mining is one such activity where deterioration is very severe and the present communication aims this aspect. Coal is the one of the most essential mineral having large reserves in India. It's mining and beneficiation produce a variety of pollutants. The main pollutants emitted during the processing of coal are green house gases, coal dust and acid mine drainage. Many reports on different aspects of coal mining are available including reports on emission of different pollutants but the present work is probably only of it's kind in which the authors have tried to determine environment liability directly in terms of economy. It was found that greenhouse liabilities, coal dust liability and sulphur liability are accounted for 12.07, 5.0 and 101.97 US$, making an overall 2.4% of the total economic gains due to coal mining. During the calculations approximate number of total workers and other parameters have been taken into consideration. Who pays for this irreversible damage is a question

Frontiers in the economics of environmental regulation and liability Por Marcel Boyer,Yolande Hiriart,David Martimort é um livro que dar bem a conta do recado, a despeito da sua forte ênfase na modelagem matemática e seu tratamento fraco dos aspectos legais .

Environmental Liability and Redevelopment of Old Industrial Land Hilary Sigman Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 53, No. 2 (May 2010), pp. 289-306 (article consists of 18 pages) Published by: The University

Managing Food Safety And Hygiene Governance and Regulation as Risk Management Bridget Hutter Bridget M. Hutter, Professor of Risk Regulation, Department of Sociology, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK 2011 224 pp Hardback 978 0 85793 570 0 Hardback £65.00 on-line price £58.50 Qty This book is also available as an ebook  978 0 85793 571 7 from - www.EBSCOhost.com www.myilibrary www.ebooks.com www.ebookscorporation.com www.dawsonera.com www.ebrary.com/corp/ www.books.google.com/ebooks Description 'One of the most thorough and considered studies we have of the relationship between regulation and business risk management practices. Food regulation provides a revealing canvas for understanding the dynamics of the governance of risk.' - John Braithwaite, Australian National University Contents Contents: Preface Introduction: Setting the Scene 1. Risk Regulation and Business Organizations Part I: The Food Retail and Hospitality Industry and Risk 2. The Food Retail and Hospitality Industry in the UK: A Research Approach 3. The Food Industry and Risk: Official Data and Workplace Understandings Part II: Risk Regulation 4. State Governance of Food Safety and Food Hygiene: The Regulatory Regime and the Views of Those in the Food Sector 5. Risk Regulation Beyond the State: Research Responses about Non-State Regulatory Influences 6. Business Risk Regulation: Inside the Business Organization Part III: Conclusions and Policy Implications 7. Conclusions: Why Manage Risk? What Can We Learn and Improve? Appendix 1: Profile of Phase 2 Respondents Appendix 2: Phase 2 Questionnaires Appendix 3: Phase 3 Interview Schedule Bibliography Index Further information 'One of the most thorough and considered studies we have of the relationship between regulation and business risk management practices. Food regulation provides a revealing canvas for understanding the dynamics of the governance of risk.' - John Braithwaite, Australian National University

Governing Disasters The Challenges of Emergency Risk Regulation Alberto Alemanno Edited by Alberto Alemanno, Jean Monnet Professor of EU Law and Risk Regulation, HEC Paris, France 2011 320 pp Hardback 978 0 85793 572 4 Hardback £75.00 on-line price £67.50 Qty This book is also available as an ebook  978 0 85793 573 1 from - www.EBSCOhost.com www.myilibrary www.ebooks.com www.ebookscorporation.com www.dawsonera.com www.ebrary.com/corp/ www.books.google.com/ebooks Description 'This comprehensive edited volume makes an important and much needed contribution to an increasingly important dimension of risk assessment and management, namely emergency risk regulation. Drawing upon the responses of government, businesses, and the public to the 2010 volcanic eruption in Iceland - which disrupted European air travel, it offers important lessons for policy-makers who are likely to confront similar unanticipated global risks. The recent nuclear power disaster in Japan makes this volume both timely and prescient.' - David Vogel, University of California, Berkeley, US Contents Contributors: A. Alemanno, N. Bernard, V. Brannigan, C.M. Briggs, M. Broberg, A. Burgess, G.G. Castellano, S. Chakraborty, A. Fioritto, F. Hansstein, L. Jachia, A. Jeunemaitre, C. Johnson, C. Lawless, F.B. López-Jurado, D. Macrae, M. Mazzocchi, V. Nikonov, M. Ragona, M. Simoncini, A.M. Viens Further information 'The challenges posed by risky decisions are well documented. These decisions become even more daunting when they must be made in a midst of a crisis. Using the European volcanic risk crisis as the principal case study, Alberto Alemanno and the other contributors to this thought provoking volume derive valuable lessons for how policy makers can cope with the attendant time pressures, uncertainties, coordination issues, and risk communication problems. Once the next emergency risk situation occurs, it may be too late to learn about how to respond. Governing Disasters should be re