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Amiante, un scandale improbable: sociologie d'un problème public Emmanuel Henry 0 Resenhas Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007 - 308 páginas La vie d'un ouvrier vaut-elle moins que celle d'un étudiant du cinquième arrondissement de Paris ? Voici la question qui pourrait résumer les problèmes posés par l'amiante depuis le milieu des années 1970. Aujourd'hui, analystes et commentateurs s'accordent à définir l'amiante comme un scandale de santé publique. Pourtant, un regard rétrospectif montre que dix ou quinze ans auparavant les mêmes acteurs s'accommodaient assez bien d'un problème perçu comme relevant principalement du domaine professionnel. Cette acceptation est d'ailleurs toujours pleinement d'actualité vis-à-vis de l'ensemble des autres cancers professionnels. Cet ouvrage montre que c'est lorsque le risque lié à l'amiante a été redéfini comme un risque environnemental menaçant l'ensemble de la population que l'intérêt à son égard a pu être considérablement élargi. Il décrypte les mécanismes et raisons de ce processus, en expliquant pourquoi les cancers liés à l'amiante n'auraient pas pu être constitués en problème majeur de santé publique s'ils étaient restés principalement définis comme des cancers professionnels.Au-delà des interrogations sur le cas même de l'amiante, ce livre fournit des clés d'analyse originales pour comprendre les processus de publicisation des problèmes. En proposant une sociologie des problèmes publics, il invite à réexaminer certains lieux communs des débats relatifs à la médiatisation ou à l'espace public, notamment ceux liés au " pouvoir " des journalistes et des médias ou à la place des victimes dans l'espace public, en replaçant ces questions dans une perspective de sociologie politique du pouvoir et de la domination.

On January 3, 1977, Howell Township, New Jersey closed its schools while scientists tested for dangerous levels of asbestos. After reports of unexplained ailments in some children, the parents of 4,500 elementary school children had threatened to boycott classes until the Board of Education removed asbestos-containing materials. Similar cases occurred across the country. In February, 1977, the New York Times reported that the child whose illness had been attributed to asbestos actually had mononucleosis. Was the reaction of parents and officials unwarranted? Did scientific evidence exist indicating that asbestos in schools caused children to become ill? Was all the relevant information - including the impact of their decisions on public policy in the future - considered? Environmental Public Health Policy for Asbestos in Schools addresses these questions by focusing on the development, institutionalization, and consequences of federal environmental policy for asbestos in schools. This unique and timely book explores the history of asbestos in schools and buildings and how this issue shaped the development of public health policy. Insight into past policy, including how, why, and who caused action to be taken, will enlighten and guide the scientific and regulatory communities in the future. The story of asbestos is a cautionary tale. Other toxic agents, such as lead, nitrogen dioxide and radon, could follow the same model as asbestos, raising similar questions. Written in a straightforward style, Environmental Public Health Policy for Asbestos in Schools explains technical concepts in language easily understood by non-experts. Understanding the factors and judgments involved in this issue gives insight into how the government - and society - perceives, assesses, and develops public health policy. « Menos

Were mining and manufacturing companies, as they claimed, the victims of imperfect science and inadequate state regulation? Since the 1930s growing evidence of the health risks was often suppressed by companies and the South African government. Is enough being done to clean up the environmental damage caused by the mines? Large areas of the northern Cape have been made permanently hazardous by asbestos mining. Windborne fibre continues to spread that hazard in an ever widening circle of risk. During 2001 the South African government allocated R100 million to clean up un-reclaimed mines, but far more will be necessary to make the landscape itself safe. Should British companies be held responsible for the behaviour of their South African subsidiaries? The prosperity of the asbestos industry in South Africa depended on apartheid. Company profits and the dividends paid to British shareholders were fuelled by the lowly paid and hazardous work of women and juveniles in South African mines. JOCK MCCULLOCH is a Lecturer in the Faculty of the Constructed Environment, RMIT University, Australia North America: Indiana University Press; South Africa: Juta

Asbestos was once known as the 'magic mineral' because of its ability to withstand flames. Yet since the 1970s, it has become a notorious and feared 'killer dust' that is responsible for thousands of deaths and an epidemic that will continue for many years

Although asbestos was once considered a miracle mineral, today even the word itself has ominous implications for all strata of our society. Incorporated in the past into over 3000 different industrial and consumer products, as well as in building materials and military equipment, opportunities for exposure continue to be ever present in our environment. Of all of us who are potentially exposed, blue collar workers are at greatest risk. Countless thousands of workers and servicemen in a wide variety of trades were disabled or have died consequent to the health effects of asbestos, and many more can be expected to be affected in years to come. Litigation continues, and financial awards in the billions have bankrupt many Fortune 500 companies and numerous smaller companies. While one might implicate our forefathers in this widespread, relentless medical catastrophe, it has been only in recent decades that science has appreciated the complexities of the problem and the long latencies before the asbestos-associated diseases appear clinically. After all these years, prevention remains the hallmark of disease control, as modern treatments remain, to a large extent, futile.

In the early twentieth century, asbestos had a reputation as a lifesaver. In 1960, however, it became known that even relatively brief exposure to asbestos can cause mesothelioma, a virulent and lethal cancer. Yet the bulk of the world's asbestos was mined after 1960. Asbestos usage in many countries continued unabated. This is the first global history of how the asbestos industry and its allies in government, insurance, and medicine defended the product throughout the twentieth century. It explains how mining and manufacture could continue despite overwhelming medical evidence as to the risks. The argument advanced in this book is that asbestos has proved so enduring because the industry was able to mount a successful defense strategy for the mineral--a strategy that still operates in some parts of the world. This defence involved the shaping of the public debate by censoring, and sometimes corrupting, scientific research, nurturing scientific uncertainty, and using allies in government, insurance, and medicine. The book also discusses the problems of asbestos in the environment, compensating victims, and the continued use of asbestos in the developing world. Its global focus shows how asbestos can be seen as a model for many occupational diseases--indeed for a whole range of hazards produced by industrial societies. The book is based on a wealth of documentary material gained from legal discovery, supplemented by evidence from the authors' visits and researches in the US, the UK, Canada, Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe, Australia, Swaziland, and South Africa.